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Limonene Modulates Event-Related Potentials in a 2-Back Working Memory Task.

Overview

Authors: Kaori Tamura1, Keitaro Yamashita2, Taiki Nishimura3, Toko Tatsumoto4, Takumi Yano1, Yuko Ohno5,6, Shin'ichi Yoshimura5, Mitsuo Tonoike5
ORCID iDs: Kaori Tamura, Yuko Ohno
  1. Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
  2. Department of Information and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Information Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
  3. Department of Information and Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
  4. Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
  5. Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan
  6. Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan
Institutions: Kyushu Institute of Technology (Japan); Fukuoka Institute of Technology (Japan); The University of Osaka (Japan)
Journal: Brain and behavior, volume 16, issue 8, article e71679
Dates: received 5 January 2026; accepted 25 July 2026; published online 17 August 2026; in print August 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1002/brb3.71679 · PMID 42605240 · PMCID PMC13478842 · OpenAlex W7203653827
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code on request
Categories: EEG (modality), human (organism), cognitive (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Statistics, Preprocessing, Evoked potentials, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: limonene, multimodal process, P300 amplitudes, working memory
MeSH: Event-Related Potentials, P300*, Limonene*, Memory, Short-Term*, Olfactory Perception*, Attention, Color Perception, Cues, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Odorants, Photic Stimulation, Young Adult (* major topic)
Topic: Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies (Sensory Systems, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26K03018, 23K11297); Lotte Foundation
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 29 references in the paper

Abstract

Introduction: Olfactory inputs can influence visual cognition. However, it remains unclear whether such effects are driven by the chemical properties of odorants or by mood‐related associations, especially under conditions of high cognitive demand. This study examined whether limonene, a key citrus odorous compound, modulates cognitive processing during a visual 2‐back task under different levels of perceptual load.

Methods: We developed a 2‐back working memory task using color lightness discrimination. The task included both low‐load (orange) and high‐load (gray) conditions. Participants wore a non‐woven mask impregnated with the odor solution and performed the task under two odor conditions: limonene exposure and no odor. An electroencephalogram was recorded to evaluate P300 amplitude at central (Cz) and parietal (Pz) electrodes.

Results: Behavioral results, analyzed using signal detection theory, showed that the correct response rate and sensitivity index (d′) were higher for orange than for gray stimuli, regardless of the odor condition. Event‐related potential (ERP) analysis revealed a significant interaction; under the limonene exposure condition, P300 amplitudes were reduced for gray stimuli, but remained stable for orange stimuli.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that limonene modulates neural markers associated with attentional and decision‐related processing, particularly under high cognitive demand, without clear effects on behavioral performance. The observed P300 suppression suggests that this component may be sensitive to decreases in attentional allocation that behavioral measures failed to detect. Moreover, these results replicate and extend previous findings of limonene‐induced P300 suppression, supporting the reproducibility of limonene's modulatory effect on neural markers of cross‐modal attentional processing.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

The paper says that its authors' code is available on request: it was not published with the paper, so there is nothing to verify.

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

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Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets collected and analyzed in the current study are not publicly available because of ethical restrictions and participant confidentiality, as approved by the institutional review board. The analytical code is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 8 authors, 4 keywords, 14 MeSH terms, 2 funders, 28 references.

Cite

This paper

Tamura, K., Yamashita, K., Nishimura, T., Tatsumoto, T., Yano, T., Ohno, Y., Yoshimura, S., & Tonoike, M. (2026). Limonene Modulates Event-Related Potentials in a 2-Back Working Memory Task. Brain and behavior, 16(8), e71679. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71679

BibTeX

@article{tamura2026limonene,
author = {Tamura, Kaori and Yamashita, Keitaro and Nishimura, Taiki and Tatsumoto, Toko and Yano, Takumi and Ohno, Yuko and Yoshimura, Shin'ichi and Tonoike, Mitsuo},
title = {{Limonene Modulates Event-Related Potentials in a 2-Back Working Memory Task}},
journal = {Brain and behavior},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
volume = {16},
number = {8},
pages = {e71679},
publisher = {Wiley},
issn = {2162-3279},
doi = {10.1002/brb3.71679},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71679},
pmid = {42605240},
pmcid = {PMC13478842}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Tamura, Kaori
AU - Yamashita, Keitaro
AU - Nishimura, Taiki
AU - Tatsumoto, Toko
AU - Yano, Takumi
AU - Ohno, Yuko
AU - Yoshimura, Shin'ichi
AU - Tonoike, Mitsuo
TI - Limonene Modulates Event-Related Potentials in a 2-Back Working Memory Task
T2 - Brain and behavior
J2 - Brain Behav
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/01
VL - 16
IS - 8
SP - e71679
SN - 2162-3279
PB - Wiley
DO - 10.1002/brb3.71679
UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71679
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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