Anterior lateral motor cortex enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits.
The 2 matches
- [1] § STAR★METHODS › QUANTIFICATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS › Decoding and PCA analysis ↔ fitsvm8T_cos.m, lines 154–193 · score 0.77 · SVM weight vectors, sliding window, odor onset, matrix, cosine, bin
- [2] § RESULTS › Generalization of context at the level of choice neurons ↔ fitsvm8T_cos.m, lines 154–193 · score 0.52 · SVM weight vectors, odor onset, cosine
Paper
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The authors' code
MATLAB · 420 lines · 15 KB · no license · 2 matches
- function [cors_ab,cors_cd,cors_sh] = fitsvm8T_cos(Ninput,ds0,data0,prm,fe)
- % train svm with lick triggered dataset
- % train the decode on A/B data and test on C/D
- Nfold = 50; %number of iteration
- fold = 0.8; % 5 fold cross-validation
- if length(ds0) ~= length(data0)
- disp('input cell dimension mismatch!')
- end
- n_ss = length(ds0);
- d_wd = prm.d_wd;
- stp = prm.stp; st = prm.st; en = prm.en; binsize = prm.binsize;
- d_bins = round((d_wd(1)-st)/stp+2):round((d_wd(2)-st)/stp+1);
- n_bins = length(d_bins);
- cors_ab = nan(n_ss,n_bins);
- errs_ab = nan(n_ss,n_bins);
- cors_cd = nan(n_ss,n_bins);
- errs_cd = nan(n_ss,n_bins);
- for i = 1 %n_ss
- % fprintf('computing roc for session #%d\n',i);
- ds = ds0{i}; data = data0{i};
- if size(data,1) ~= size(ds,1)
- disp('number of trials mismatch!')
- end
- N = size(data,3); % number of units in current session
- Nmax = Ninput;
- if Nmax == 0
- Nmax = N;
- fprintf('Session #%d has %d units\n',i,N);
- elseif Nmax <= N
- fprintf('Session #%d has %d units\n',i,N);
- elseif Nmax > N
- fprintf('Session #%d has %d units, skipped\n',i,N);
- continue;
- end
- sel = ds.correct==1; % correct trials only
- % % sel = ds.miss ~= 1; % remove miss trials
- % % ds.error = ds.error | ds.xSwitch; % treat switch trials as error
- % % sel = ds.miss == 0 | ds.xSwitch == 0; % remove miss and switch trials
- % if kp_el == 0 % exclude early licks
- % sel = sel & ds.early_lick==0; % no early lick trials
- % end
- ds = ds(sel,:);
- data = data(sel,:,:);
- ds_ab = ds(ds.tt<4,:);
- ds_cd = ds(ds.tt>=4,:);
- data_ab = data(ds.tt<4,:,:);
- data_cd = data(ds.tt>=4,:,:);
- P = size(ds_ab,1); % number of correct control trials
- Ptrain = floor(fold*P); % number of trials for training
- ds_ab.AasSample = ds_ab.tt<=1;
- ds_cd.CasSample = ds_cd.tt<=5;
- ds_ab.AasTest = ismember(ds_ab.tt,[0 3 4 7]);
- ds_cd.AasTest = ismember(ds_cd.tt,[0 3 4 7]);
- switch fe
- case 'sample'
- labels_ab = ds_ab.AasSample;
- labels_cd = ds_cd.CasSample;
- case 'match'
- labels_ab = ds_ab.match;
- labels_cd = ds_cd.match;
- case 'test'
- labels_ab = ds_ab.AasTest;
- labels_cd = ds_cd.AasTest;
- case 'choice'
- labels_ab = ds_ab.left;
- labels_cd = ds_cd.left;
- case 'trialtype'
- labels_ab = ds_ab.trial_type;
- labels_cd = ds_cd.trial_type - 4;
- % case 'correct'
- % labels = ds.correct;
- case 'context'
- labels_ab = ds_ab.context;
- labels_cd = ds_cd.context;
- end
- labels_ab = double(labels_ab);
- labels_cd = double(labels_cd);
- % fr = squeeze(mean(data(:,wd_bins,:),2));
- % Initialize weight storage
- svm_weights = nan(n_bins, Nmax,Nfold); % Store SVM weights over time bins
- for j = 1:n_bins
- fprintf('bin %d of %d\n',j,n_bins);
- bi_en = d_bins(j);
- bi_st = bi_en - round(binsize/stp) + 1;
- cur_data_ab = data_ab(:,bi_st:bi_en,:);
- cur_data_cd = data_cd(:,bi_st:bi_en,:);
- fr_ab = squeeze(mean(cur_data_ab,2));
- fr_cd = squeeze(mean(cur_data_cd,2));
- cur_cor_ab = zeros(Nfold,1);
- cur_err_ab = zeros(Nfold,1);
- cur_cor_cd = zeros(Nfold,1);
- cur_err_cd = zeros(Nfold,1);
- cur_cor_sh = zeros(Nfold,1);
- cur_err_sh = zeros(Nfold,1);
- for fi = 1:Nfold
- indtrain = randsample(P,Ptrain); %indices of trials to use for training
- indtest = setdiff(1:P,indtrain); %indices for testing
- labelstrain_ab = labels_ab(indtrain);
- datatrain_ab = fr_ab(indtrain,:);
- labelstest_ab = labels_ab(indtest);
- datatest_ab = fr_ab(indtest,:);
- labelshuffle = labels_ab(randperm(length(labels_ab))');
- labelstrain_shuffle = labelshuffle(indtrain);
- labelstest_shuffle = labelshuffle(indtest);
- if Nmax ~= N
- cellinds = randsample(N,Nmax);
- datatrain_ab = datatrain_ab(:,cellinds);
- datatest_ab = datatest_ab(:,cellinds);
- end
- model = train(labelstrain_ab,sparse(datatrain_ab),'-q');
- svm_weights(j, :,fi) = model.w; % Store the weight vector for this time bin
- predtest_ab = predict(ones(length(labelstest_ab),1),...
- sparse(datatest_ab),model,'-q');
- cur_cor_ab(fi) = mean(predtest_ab == labelstest_ab);
- cur_err_ab(fi) = mean(predtest_ab ~= labelstest_ab);
- pred_cd = predict(ones(length(labels_cd),1),...
- sparse(fr_cd),model,'-q');
- cur_cor_cd(fi) = mean(pred_cd == labels_cd);
- cur_err_cd(fi) = mean(pred_cd ~= labels_cd);
- model = train(labelstrain_shuffle,sparse(datatrain_ab),'-q');
- predtest_shuffle = predict(ones(length(labelstest_shuffle),1),...
- sparse(datatest_ab),model,'-q');
- cur_cor_sh(fi) = mean(predtest_shuffle == labelstest_shuffle);
- cur_err_sh(fi) = mean(predtest_shuffle ~= labelstest_shuffle);
- end %end loop over folds
- cors_ab(i,j) = mean(cur_cor_ab);
- errs_ab(i,j) = mean(cur_err_ab);
- cors_cd(i,j) = mean(cur_cor_cd);
- errs_cd(i,j) = mean(cur_err_cd);
- cors_sh(i,j) = mean(cur_cor_sh);
- errs_sh(i,j) = mean(cur_err_sh);
- end % end loop over bins
- disp('Done!')
- weights = squeeze(mean(svm_weights,3));
- peak_perf = find(cors_ab(i,:) > 0.9);
- % Define before and after odor bins
- test_odor_bin = 36; %find(d_bins == 0, 1); %the location of test odor bin starts, which is 42
- before_idx = 11:test_odor_bin-1; % cut the baseline, starts from sample onset
- after_idx = test_odor_bin:test_odor_bin+length(before_idx)-1;
- % Inputs:
- % - SVM_weights: [time_points x feature_dim] matrix of SVM weight vectors
- % - time: Vector of time points
- % - test_odor_time: Time of test odor onset
- before_plot_idx = intersect(before_idx, peak_perf);
- after_plot_idx = intersect(after_idx, peak_perf);
- window_size = 5; %Number of time bins to average over
- before_plot_idx = before_plot_idx - 11 - 4;
- after_plot_idx = after_plot_idx - 11 - 4;
- num_timepoints_before = length(before_idx);
- num_timepoints_after = length(after_idx);
- feature_dim = size(weights, 2);
- % Compute the number of sliding window steps
- num_windows_before = num_timepoints_before - window_size + 1;
- num_windows_after = num_timepoints_after - window_size + 1;
- % Initialize sliding window weight matrix
- windowed_weights_before = nan(num_windows_before, feature_dim); %nan(num_timepoints_before, feature_dim); %
- windowed_weights_after = nan(num_windows_after, feature_dim); %nan(num_timepoints_after, feature_dim); %
- % Apply sliding window averaging
- for w = 1:num_windows_before %num_timepoints_before %
- windowed_weights_before(w, :) = mean(weights(before_idx(w):before_idx(w+window_size-1), :), 1); %weights(before_idx(w), :) ;%
- end
- for w = 1:num_windows_before %num_timepoints_after
- windowed_weights_after(w, :) = mean(weights(after_idx(w):after_idx(w+window_size-1), :), 1); %weights(after_idx(w), :) ;%
- end
- % Initialize cosine similarity matrix
- combined_matrix_before = nan(num_windows_before, num_windows_before);
- combined_matrix_after = nan(num_windows_after, num_windows_after);
- combined_matrix = nan(num_windows_after+ num_windows_after, num_windows_after+ num_windows_after);
- % Function to compute cosine similarity
- cosine_sim = @(w1, w2) dot(w1, w2) / (norm(w1) * norm(w2));
- % Compute cosine similarity Before vs Before
- for w = 1:num_windows_before
- for x = w:num_windows_before
- combined_matrix(w, x) = cosine_sim(windowed_weights_before(w, :), windowed_weights_before(x, :));
- combined_matrix(x, w) = combined_matrix(w,x); % Symmetric
- end
- end
- % Compute cosine similarity After vs After
- for w = 1:num_windows_after
- for x = w:num_windows_after
- combined_matrix(num_windows_before+w, num_windows_before+x) = cosine_sim(windowed_weights_after(w, :), windowed_weights_after(x, :));
- combined_matrix(num_windows_before+x, num_windows_before+w) = combined_matrix(num_windows_before+w, num_windows_before+x);
- end
- end
- % Compute cosine similarity Before vs After
- for w = 1:num_windows_before
- for x = 1:num_windows_after
- combined_matrix(w, num_windows_before+x) = cosine_sim(windowed_weights_before(w, :), windowed_weights_after(x, :));
- combined_matrix(num_windows_before+x, w) = combined_matrix(w, num_windows_before+x);
- end
- end
- % Plot combined heatmap
- kernel_size = 1; % Adjust as needed
- % calculate the delta cosine similarity
- for c = 1:size(combined_matrix,2) %num_windows_before
- dcosim1 (c) = mean(combined_matrix(1:num_windows_before,c)) - mean(combined_matrix(num_windows_before+1:end,c));
- end
- for c = 1:size(combined_matrix,1)
- dcosim2 (c) = mean(combined_matrix(c,1:num_windows_before)) - mean(combined_matrix(c, num_windows_before+1:end));
- end
- figure
- plot(dcosim1)
- figure
- plot(dcosim2)
- % Apply Gaussian smoothing
- smoothed_matrix = imgaussfilt(combined_matrix, kernel_size);
- % try the smoothed matrix
- for c = 1:size(smoothed_matrix,2) %num_windows_before
- sdcosim1 (c) = mean(smoothed_matrix(1:num_windows_before,c)) - mean(smoothed_matrix(num_windows_before+1:end,c));
- end
- for c = 1:size(smoothed_matrix,1)
- sdcosim2 (c) = mean(smoothed_matrix(c,1:num_windows_before)) - mean(smoothed_matrix(c, num_windows_before+1:end));
- end
- figure
- plot(sdcosim1)
- figure
- plot(sdcosim2)
- figure;
- imagesc(smoothed_matrix);
- colorbar;
- xlabel('Time');
- ylabel('Time');
- title('Combined Cosine Similarity Matrix');
- figure;
- subplot(2,2,1)
- imagesc(smoothed_matrix(before_plot_idx, before_plot_idx));
- colorbar;
- xlabel('Time');
- ylabel('Time');
- title('Combined Cosine Similarity Matrix');
- subplot(2,2,2)
- imagesc(smoothed_matrix(before_plot_idx, after_plot_idx));
- colorbar;
- xlabel('Time');
- ylabel('Time');
- title('Combined Cosine Similarity Matrix');
- subplot(2,2,3)
- imagesc(smoothed_matrix((27:40),(27:40))) %(after_plot_idx, after_plot_idx));
- colorbar;
- xlabel('Time');
- ylabel('Time');
- title('Combined Cosine Similarity Matrix');
- subplot(2,2,4)
- imagesc(smoothed_matrix(after_plot_idx, before_plot_idx));
- colorbar;
- xlabel('Time');
- ylabel('Time');
- title('Combined Cosine Similarity Matrix');
- % Extract the relevant cosine similarity subsets from the smoothed matrix
- bef_bef = smoothed_matrix(before_plot_idx, before_plot_idx);
- bef_aft = smoothed_matrix(before_plot_idx, after_plot_idx);
- aft_aft = smoothed_matrix(after_plot_idx, after_plot_idx);
- % Flatten the upper triangle (excluding diagonal) of each block
- mask_upper = @(M) M(triu(true(size(M)), 1));
- sim_bef_bef = mask_upper(bef_bef);
- sim_bef_aft = bef_aft(:);
- sim_aft_aft = mask_upper(aft_aft);
- mean_bef_bef = mean(bef_bef);
- mean_bef_aft = mean(bef_aft);
- mean_aft_aft = mean(aft_aft);
- % Compute actual mean differences
- real_diff = mean(sim_bef_bef) - mean(sim_bef_aft);
- real_diff2 = mean(sim_aft_aft) - mean(sim_bef_aft);
- % Combine and prepare for permutation
- combined = [sim_bef_bef; sim_bef_aft];
- n_bef = length(sim_bef_bef);
- n_aft = length(sim_bef_aft);
- combined2 = [sim_aft_aft; sim_bef_aft];
- n_aa = length(sim_aft_aft);
- n_cross = length(sim_bef_aft);
- % Monte Carlo permutation test
- % n_perm = 1000;
- % perm_diffs = nan(n_perm, 1);
- % perm_diffs2 = nan(n_perm, 1);
- % for i = 1:n_perm
- % % Before-Before vs Before-After
- % perm = combined(randperm(length(combined)));
- % perm_diffs(i) = mean(perm(1:n_bef)) - mean(perm(n_bef+1:end));
- %
- % % After-After vs Before-After
- % perm2 = combined2(randperm(length(combined2)));
- % perm_diffs2(i) = mean(perm2(1:n_aa)) - mean(perm2(n_aa+1:end));
- % end
- %
- % % Calculate two-tailed p-values
- % p_val = mean(abs(perm_diffs) >= abs(real_diff));
- % p_val2 = mean(abs(perm_diffs2) >= abs(real_diff2));
- %
- % % Display results
- % fprintf('Monte Carlo p-value (Before-Before vs Before-After): %.4f\n', p_val);
- % fprintf('Monte Carlo p-value (After-After vs Before-After): %.4f\n', p_val2);
- % Plot null distributions
- % figure;
- % subplot(1,2,1);
- % histogram(perm_diffs, 30);
- % xline(real_diff, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
- % title('Null: Before-Before vs Before-After');
- % xlabel('\Delta Cosine Similarity'); ylabel('Count');
- %
- % subplot(1,2,2);
- % histogram(perm_diffs2, 30);
- % xline(real_diff2, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
- % title('Null: After-After vs Before-After');
- % xlabel('\Delta Cosine Similarity'); ylabel('Count');
- % % Add separation lines for before vs after
- % test_odor_idx = find(adjusted_time >= test_odor_time, 1);
- % hold on;
- % plot([test_odor_idx, test_odor_idx], ylim, 'k--', 'LineWidth', 1);
- % plot(xlim, [test_odor_idx, test_odor_idx], 'k--', 'LineWidth', 1);
- % hold off;
- % max_lag = 20;
- % cosine_sim_before = nan(length(before_idx), max_lag);
- % cosine_sim_after = nan(length(after_idx), max_lag);
- %
- % % Function to compute cosine similarity
- % cosine_sim = @(w1, w2) dot(w1, w2) / (norm(w1) * norm(w2));
- %
- % % Compute Cosine Similarity Before Odor
- % for t = 1:length(before_idx)
- % for lag = 1:max_lag
- % t_lag = t + lag;
- % if t_lag <= length(before_idx)
- % cosine_sim_before(t, lag) = cosine_sim(weights(before_idx(t), :), weights(before_idx(t_lag), :));
- % end
- % end
- % end
- %
- % % Compute Cosine Similarity After Odor
- % for t = 1:length(after_idx)
- % for lag = 1:max_lag
- % t_lag = t + lag;
- % if t_lag <= length(after_idx)
- % cosine_sim_after(t, lag) = cosine_sim(weights(after_idx(t), :), weights(after_idx(t_lag), :));
- % end
- % end
- % end
- % Plot results
- % figure;
- % subplot(1,2,1);
- % imagesc(1:max_lag, before_idx, cosine_sim_before);
- % colorbar;
- % xlabel('Lag (time bins)');
- % ylabel('Time (before odor onset)');
- % title('Cosine Similarity Before Test Odor');
- %
- % subplot(1,2,2);
- % imagesc(1:max_lag, after_idx, cosine_sim_after);
- % colorbar;
- % xlabel('Lag (time bins)');
- % ylabel('Time (after odor onset)');
- % title('Cosine Similarity After Test Odor');
- %
- % % Initialize matrix to store cosine similarity
- % cosine_sim_between = nan(length(before_idx), length(after_idx));
- %
- % % Function to compute cosine similarity
- % cosine_sim = @(w1, w2) dot(w1, w2) / (norm(w1) * norm(w2));
- %
- % % Compute cosine similarity between before and after odor onset
- % for be = 1:length(before_idx)
- % for af = 1:length(after_idx)
- % cosine_sim_between(be, af) = cosine_sim(weights(before_idx(be), :), weights(after_idx(af), :));
- % end
- % end
- %
- % % Plot heatmap of cosine similarity
- % figure;
- % imagesc(after_idx, before_idx, cosine_sim_between);
- % colorbar;
- % xlabel('Time (after odor onset)');
- % ylabel('Time (before odor onset)');
- % title('Cosine Similarity Between Before and After Odor');
- end % end loop over sessions
fitsvm8T_cos.m at commit 5e9d9ad, no license · at the source
Overview
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- PhD Program in Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of the Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Lead contact
Abstract
Cognitive operations often require flexible implementation of stimulus-response contingencies, depending on context. We developed an olfactory task in which mice learned to associate a test odor with a directional lick response, conditional on a preceding context odor drawn from a different odor set. Two-photon imaging shows that the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) contains distinct populations encoding context, test odors, and choice. Optogenetic silencing during the context and delay periods impairs performance, suggesting that ALM contributes to configuring the appropriate contingency. Although context odors that instruct the same mapping are represented by separate populations, their influence converges at the level of choice-selective neurons. A subpopulation of these neurons exhibit dual selectivity for context and choice, forming what we term “contingency neurons.” These findings suggest that ALM supports flexible behavior not by abstracting over context cues but by dynamically reconfiguring local circuits to route sensory input to the appropriate motor output.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repositories
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 2 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
Zenodo 19828551
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
- 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
4 files
- fitsvm8T.m, MATLAB, 146 lines
- fitsvm8T_cos.m, MATLAB, 420 lines
- image8T_master.m, MATLAB, 459 lines
- plt_pc3.m, MATLAB, 294 lines
asjessie/shadlen-lab
5e9d9ad46c52be5342924a38144ff5f59621566a, 27 April 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
- 27 September 2026: the link answers
4 files
- fitsvm8T.m, MATLAB, 146 lines
- fitsvm8T_cos.m, MATLAB, 420 lines, 2 matches
- image8T_master.m, MATLAB, 459 lines
- plt_pc3.m, MATLAB, 294 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
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- 8 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 2 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.
Data and code availability
All data reported in this paper will be shared by the lead contact upon request.
All original code has been deposited at GitHub/
Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the lead contact upon request.
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Supplemental information can be found online at https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 2, 28 September 2026
- Publisher: n/a → Cell Press
Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 6 authors, 9 keywords, 9 MeSH terms, 9 funders, 35 references, 1 RRID.
Cite
This paper
Shen, J., Rungratsameetaweemana, N., Sharma, P., Peterka, D. S., Wu, H. Z., & Shadlen, M. N. (2026). Anterior lateral motor cortex enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits. Cell reports, 45(6), 117456. https://
BibTeX
@article{shen2026anterio
author = {Shen, Jia and Rungratsameetaweemana, Nuttida and Sharma, Prayshita and Peterka, Darcy S. and Wu, Herbert Zheng and Shadlen, Michael N.},
title = {{Anterior lateral motor cortex enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits}},
journal = {Cell reports},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
volume = {45},
number = {6},
pages = {117456},
publisher = {Cell Press},
issn = {2211-1247},
doi = {10.1016/
url = {https://
pmid = {42247294},
pmcid = {PMC13419430}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Shen, Jia
AU - Rungratsameetaweemana, Nuttida
AU - Sharma, Prayshita
AU - Peterka, Darcy S.
AU - Wu, Herbert Zheng
AU - Shadlen, Michael N.
TI - Anterior lateral motor cortex enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits
T2 - Cell reports
J2 - Cell Rep
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 45
IS - 6
SP - 117456
SN - 2211-1247
PB - Cell Press
DO - 10.1016/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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}
}
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