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Data-driven reduced modeling of neural dynamics.

Code ↔ Paper

4 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 4 matches
  1. [1] § Results › A model for context-dependent decision-making ↔ src/rnn_paper/SSMfunctions.py, lines 93–102 · score 0.58 · Manifold Fitting Error, trajectories projected, spectral subspace, MFE, RNN, SSM
  2. [2] § Methods › The Vanilla RNN models › Multitasking RNN: memory-pro task ↔ mt demo.ipynb, lines 42–84 · score 0.57 · Memory Pro task, memory period, stimulus, vector, sensory
  3. [3] § Methods › The theory of spectral submanifolds › Data-driven computations of SSMs ↔ src/rnn_paper/SSMfunctions.py, lines 93–102 · score 0.52 · manifold fitting error, lifts, MFE, trajectories, SSM
  4. [4] § Methods › The Vanilla RNN models › Sine-wave generator RNN ↔ swgRNN/utils/UtilsSamplingLocs.py, lines 140–171 · score 0.50 · sine wave generator, network, RNN

Paper

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The authors' code

Python · 289 lines · 11 KB · MIT · 2 matches

  1. import numpy as np
  2. import scipy as sp
  3. import sympy as sym
  4. from IPython.display import display, Math, Latex
  5. from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
  6. from rnn_paper.utils import GenerateSymbols
  7. # Given coefficients and exponents of the polynomial expansion, computes the polynomial expansion
  8. def evaluate_polynomial(C, I, P, symbolic = False ):
  9. # C is the coefficient (dim(SSM) \times m_order)-matrix
  10. # I is the exponent (m_order \times dim(SSM))-matrix
  11. # P is the d-dimensional vector to expand in monomials
  12. if len(np.shape(P))!= 1:
  13. PHI = np.ones((np.shape(I)[0],*np.shape(P)[1:]), dtype = complex)
  14. else:
  15. PHI = np.ones((np.shape(I)[0]),dtype =complex)
  16. if symbolic:
  17. PHI = sym.MutableDenseNDimArray(PHI)
  18. C = np.round(C, 3)
  19. for i, exp in enumerate(I):
  20. for j in range(np.shape(P)[0]):
  21. PHI[i] = PHI[i]*np.power(P[j], exp[j])
  22. if len(np.shape(P))!= 1:
  23. return (np.tensordot(C, PHI, axes = 1))
  24. else:
  25. return np.dot(C, PHI)
  26. # Given coefficients and exponents of the (autonomous) SSM, computes the SSM expansion
  27. def construct_SSM(y, mfldCoeffs, mfldExps, symbolic = False):
  28. if symbolic == True:
  29. return evaluate_polynomial(mfldCoeffs, mfldExps, y, symbolic = symbolic)
  30. return evaluate_polynomial(mfldCoeffs, mfldExps,y)
  31. # Given coefficients and exponents of the (autonomous) ROM, computes the ROM expansion
  32. def ROM0(eta, rdCoeffs, rdExps, symbolic = False):
  33. if symbolic == True:
  34. return evaluate_polynomial(rdCoeffs,rdExps, eta, symbolic = symbolic)
  35. return np.real(evaluate_polynomial(rdCoeffs,rdExps, eta, symbolic = symbolic))
  36. # To integrate with scipy
  37. def ROM(t,eta, rdCoeffs, rdExps):
  38. return evaluate_polynomial(rdCoeffs,rdExps, eta)
  39. def ROM1D(t, eta, rdCoeffs, rdExps, symbolic = False):
  40. rhs = 0
  41. for i in range(rdCoeffs.shape[1]):
  42. rhs+= eta**rdExps[i,0]*rdCoeffs[0,i]
  43. return rhs
  44. def ROM1D0(eta, rdCoeffs, rdExps, symbolic = False):
  45. rhs = 0
  46. for i in range(rdCoeffs.shape[1]):
  47. rhs+= eta**rdExps[i]*rdCoeffs[0,i]
  48. return rhs
  49. # Print the ROM
  50. def printROM(d,rdCoeffs, rdExps):
  51. etas, detas = GenerateSymbols(d)
  52. # Construct ROM symbolic equations
  53. if d ==1:
  54. rhs = ROM1D0(etas,rdCoeffs, rdExps,symbolic=True)
  55. else:
  56. rhs = ROM0(etas,rdCoeffs, rdExps,symbolic=True)
  57. for i in range(d):
  58. display(Math(sym.latex(sym.Eq(detas[i], rhs[i]))))
  59. # Calculate the Normal Mean Trajectory Error
  60. def calculate_NMTE(nTest, DataTestTrunc, RomTraj):
  61. NMTE = 0
  62. for i in range(nTest):
  63. NMTE += np.mean(np.linalg.norm(DataTestTrunc[i,:,:]-RomTraj[i][:], axis = 0), axis = -1)/np.max(DataTestTrunc[i])
  64. return NMTE/nTest
  65. # Calculate the Manifold Fitting Error
  66. def calculate_MFE(nTest, DataTestTrunc, E, mfldCoeffs, mfldExps):
  67. MFE = 0
  68. for i in range(nTest):
  69. # Lift trajectories projected to the spectral subspace E to the SSM
  70. LiftTraj = construct_SSM(np.dot(E.T,DataTestTrunc[i]),mfldCoeffs, mfldExps)
  71. MFE += np.mean(np.linalg.norm(DataTestTrunc[i,:,:]-LiftTraj[:], axis = 0), axis = -1)/np.max(DataTestTrunc[i])
  72. return MFE/nTest
  73. ####### Time-Dependent SSMs (Weak Forcing) #######
  74. # Anchor traj at order 1
  75. def compute_anchorO1(N, d, t0, nTimesteps, evecs, evals, ns, stable = True, tau = 0.01, dt = 1e-3, tfin = 700):
  76. Sevals = np.copy(evals)
  77. if stable == False:
  78. Sevals[:d] = np.zeros((d), dtype= complex)
  79. Uevals = np.copy(evals)
  80. Uevals[d:] = np.zeros((N-d), dtype= complex)
  81. At = np.exp(np.outer(np.arange(0,nTimesteps*dt, dt), (Sevals)))
  82. Gt = np.zeros((nTimesteps, N,N), dtype = complex)
  83. for i in range(nTimesteps):
  84. Gt[i] = np.diag(At[i])
  85. Gt = np.matmul(evecs,np.matmul((Gt),np.linalg.inv(evecs)))
  86. if stable == False:
  87. Atu = np.exp(np.outer(-np.arange(0,nTimesteps*dt, dt), (Uevals)))
  88. Gtu = np.zeros((nTimesteps, N,N), dtype = complex)
  89. for i in range(nTimesteps):
  90. Gtu[i] = np.diag(Atu[i])
  91. Gtu = np.matmul(evecs,np.matmul((Gtu),np.linalg.inv(evecs)))
  92. T, N, M = Gt.shape
  93. _, M2 = ns.T.shape
  94. assert M == M2, "Dimensions of G(t) and f(t) must align."
  95. # Initialize output
  96. h = np.zeros((T, N), dtype = complex)
  97. # Perform the convolution-like operation
  98. for t in range(T):
  99. for s in range(t ):
  100. h[t] += Gt[t - s] @ ns[:,s]*dt/tau
  101. if stable == False:
  102. for s in range(t,tfin):
  103. h[t] -= Gtu[s-t]@ ns[:,s]*dt/tau
  104. return h
  105. def plotParamSSM(m,tangent_space,eta1_vec,all_coeffsP, fixed_pointsP,ps, p_fpt0, p0, expsP,rd_coeffsP, rd_expsP,parname,colors =['purple','orange','darkgreen', 'darkcyan', 'salmon'], fsize = 17, tsize = 13, dpi = 100 ):
  106. # fig = plt.figure(figsize=(15,8))
  107. fig = plt.figure(layout='constrained', figsize=(15, 6), dpi = dpi)
  108. subfigs = fig.subfigures(1, 2, )
  109. #ax1 = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 1, )
  110. ax2 = subfigs[1].subplots(subplot_kw={"projection": "3d"})
  111. axsLeft = subfigs[0].subplots(len(ps), 2, sharex=True)
  112. for e, epsilon in enumerate(ps):
  113. for pt in fixed_pointsP[e]:
  114. ptC = (np.tensordot(tangent_space.T,np.array(pt).T-p_fpt0 , axes =1))
  115. ptSSM = construct_SSM([ptC, (epsilon-p0)], all_coeffsP, expsP)
  116. #ax2.plot(ptC,(epsilon-p0),(np.array(pt).T-p_fpt0 )[m],'x', color = colors[e])
  117. ax2.plot(ptC,(epsilon-p0),ptSSM[m],'X', color = colors[e], markersize = 8)
  118. axsLeft[e,0].plot(ptC,(np.array(pt).T-p_fpt0 )[m],'X', color = colors[e], markersize = 8)
  119. #axsLeft[e,0].plot(ptC,ptSSM[m],'', color = colors[e])
  120. axsLeft[e,1].plot(ptC,0,'X', color = colors[e], markersize = 8)
  121. # plot the manifold
  122. ssm = construct_SSM([eta1_vec, np.ones(len(eta1_vec))*(epsilon-p0)], all_coeffsP, expsP)
  123. axsLeft[e,0].plot(eta1_vec,ssm[m], '-',color =colors[e], label = r'$%s =%s$'%(parname,epsilon))
  124. ax2.plot(eta1_vec,(epsilon-p0)*np.ones(len(eta1_vec)),ssm[m], '-',color =colors[e], label = r'$%s =%s$'%(parname,epsilon))
  125. eta1_dot = ROM0([eta1_vec, (epsilon-p0)*np.ones(len(eta1_vec))], rd_coeffsP, rd_expsP)
  126. axsLeft[e,1].plot(eta1_vec, eta1_dot[0], label = r'$%s =%s$'%(parname,epsilon), color = colors[e])
  127. axsLeft[e,1].plot(eta1_vec,np.zeros(len(eta1_vec)),'--', color = 'red',)
  128. axsLeft[-1,0].set_xlabel(r'$\eta_1$', fontsize = fsize)
  129. axsLeft[-1,1].set_xlabel(r'$\eta_1$', fontsize = fsize)
  130. axsLeft[e,0].set_ylabel(r'$y_%s$'%(m+1), fontsize = fsize)
  131. axsLeft[e,1].set_ylabel(r'$\dot{\eta}_1$', fontsize = fsize)
  132. axsLeft[e,0].tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=tsize)
  133. axsLeft[e,1].tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=tsize)
  134. axsLeft[e,1].legend(fontsize = fsize, loc = 'upper center')
  135. axsLeft[e,0].legend(fontsize = fsize, loc = 'upper center')
  136. axsLeft[e,1].set_ylim(-1,1)
  137. p_vals = np.linspace(ps[0]-0.001,ps[-1]+0.001,100)
  138. ax2.set_xlabel(r'$\eta_1$',fontsize = fsize)
  139. ax2.set_ylabel(r'$%s-%s0$'%(parname, parname),fontsize =fsize)
  140. ax2.set_zlabel(r'$y_%s$'%(m+1), fontsize = fsize)
  141. #eta1_vec = np.linspace(lims[0]+xmargins[0],lims[1]+xmargins[1],100)
  142. ETA, P = np.meshgrid(eta1_vec, p_vals)
  143. ssm = construct_SSM([ETA, P-p0], all_coeffsP, expsP)
  144. ax2.plot_surface(ETA,P-p0,ssm[m],color = 'mintcream', alpha = 0.2, edgecolors='lightgray', lw = 0.01, zorder = 2)
  145. ax2.legend(fontsize = fsize , )
  146. ax2.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=tsize )
  147. ax2.view_init(30, 40, )
  148. #ax2.set_yticks(np.linspace(p_vals[0], p_vals[-1],5))
  149. ax2.set_yticks([])
  150. return fig
  151. # Calculate first order coefficients
  152. '''def calculate_H11(N,d,t0, epsilon,evals, evecs, idx, anchor,d2fy2, ui, tsteps, dtInt, dt = 1e-3 ):
  153. P = evecs[:,np.flip(np.argsort(evals))]
  154. P_inv = np.linalg.inv(P)
  155. A1 = np.copy(evals[d:])
  156. A1 = A1-evals[idx]*np.identity(N-d)
  157. ki = 0
  158. summand = np.zeros(( N-d, int(tsteps+t0/dtInt)), dtype= complex)
  159. h11 = np.zeros((N-d,tsteps),dtype= complex)
  160. for i in np.arange(t0,tsteps+t0, 1):# t
  161. kj = 0
  162. for j in np.arange(t0,i, dtInt): # s
  163. G = np.exp(A1*(i-j)*dt)
  164. m11 = np.matmul(P_inv, np.dot(np.dot(d2fy2,anchor[:,int(j)]/epsilon), np.matmul(P,ui)))[d:]
  165. summand[:,kj] = np.matmul(G, m11)*dt*dtInt
  166. kj = kj+1
  167. h11[:,ki] = (np.sum(summand, axis = 1))
  168. ki = ki+1
  169. return h11'''
  170. def calculate_A1(d, evals, eig):
  171. Ak = np.copy(evals[d:])
  172. Ak = Ak-eig
  173. return Ak
  174. def calculate_H11_vectorized(N, d, evals_sorted, P, P_inv, d2fy2, anchor, ui,
  175. nTimesteps, div=1, dt=0.001, tau=0.01,
  176. order=2, h0='quasistatic'):
  177. """h11(t) solving dh/dt = (Lambda[d:] - lambda_1) h + m11(t),
  178. integrated by exponential time differencing. Returns (T, N-d), complex,
  179. i.e. the same convention as before -> caller still does `.T`.
  180. `tau` is unused (it sits inside evals_sorted); kept for signature compatibility."""
  181. if d != 1:
  182. raise NotImplementedError('written for a 1-D master subspace')
  183. step = dt / div # the *actual* grid step, not dt
  184. T = anchor.shape[1]
  185. # m11(t), contracting d2fy2 with the eigenvector first to avoid an (N,N,T) array
  186. m11 = np.einsum('ijk,j,kt->it', d2fy2, np.matmul(P, ui), anchor, optimize=True)
  187. m11 = np.matmul(P_inv, m11)[d:] # (N-d, T)
  188. A1 = evals_sorted[d:] - evals_sorted[0] # = np.diag(A10)
  189. if np.any(np.real(A1) >= 0):
  190. raise ValueError('no spectral gap: Re(lambda_n - lambda_1) >= 0')
  191. # ETD coefficients (A1 diagonal -> everything elementwise)
  192. z = A1 * step
  193. E = np.exp(z)
  194. small = np.abs(z) < 1e-6 # series guard
  195. zs = np.where(small, 1.0, z)
  196. phi1 = np.where(small, 1 + z/2 + z**2/6, (E - 1) / zs)
  197. phi2 = np.where(small, 0.5 + z/6 + z**2/24, (E - 1 - z) / zs**2)
  198. h = np.zeros((T, N - d), dtype=complex)
  199. h[0] = -m11[:, 0] / A1 if h0 == 'quasistatic' else 0.0 # slaved value; 'zero' also fine
  200. b1, b2 = step * phi1, step * phi2
  201. if order == 1: # m11 piecewise constant
  202. for k in range(T - 1):
  203. h[k+1] = E * h[k] + b1 * m11[:, k]
  204. else: # m11 piecewise linear
  205. for k in range(T - 1):
  206. h[k+1] = E * h[k] + b1 * m11[:, k] + b2 * (m11[:, k+1] - m11[:, k])
  207. return h
  208. def construct_SSM1Dt(uv, t, epsilon, *args, surf =True):
  209. # h0i = 0, h10 = 0, h20, h11,
  210. coeff11, coeff20, coeff30 = args
  211. if surf:
  212. u = np.tile(np.expand_dims(uv, 0), (len(t),1))
  213. return np.concatenate(([u],np.multiply(np.tile(np.expand_dims(coeff20, (1,2)),(1,np.shape(u)[0], np.shape(u)[1])),u**2)+ np.multiply(np.tile(np.expand_dims(coeff30, (1,2)),(1,np.shape(u)[0], np.shape(u)[1])),u**3)
  214. + epsilon*np.multiply(np.tile(np.expand_dims(coeff11[:,t],2),(1,1,np.shape(u)[1])),u)), axis =0)
  215. else:
  216. u = uv
  217. return np.concatenate(([u],np.multiply(np.tile(np.expand_dims(coeff20, (1)),(1,np.shape(u)[0])),u**2)+
  218. + np.multiply(coeff11[:,t],u)*epsilon), axis =0)

SSMfunctions.py at commit f670273, under MIT · at the source

Overview

Authors: A. Marraffa1,2,3, R. Krause4,5, V. Mante4,5, G. Haller1
  1. Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich,Zurich, Switzerland
  2. VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology, VIB,Leuven, Belgium
  3. Present Address: Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven,Leuven, Belgium
  4. University of Zurich & ETH Zurich,Zurich, Switzerland
  5. Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich,Zurich, Switzerland
Institutions: ETH Zurich (Switzerland); VIB.AI (Belgium); KU Leuven (Belgium); University of Zurich (Switzerland)
Journal: Nature communications, volume 17, issue 1, article 9123
Dates: received 1 October 2025; accepted 15 July 2026; published online 28 July 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-75924-7 · PMID 42649198 · PMCID PMC13519027 · OpenAlex W7171348837
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: computational modeling (no new data) (modality), none (in silico) (organism)
Methods: Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Spectral & time-frequency
Keywords: Dynamical systems, Network models
Topic: Model Reduction and Neural Networks (Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Physics and Astronomy), according to OpenAlex
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 61 references in the paper

Abstract

Neural ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are widely used in neuroscience to model the collective activity of neurons during behavioral tasks. The high dimensionality of their parameter and activity spaces, however, often make it challenging to infer and interpret the fundamental features of their dynamics.

In this study, we employ recent nonlinear dynamical system techniques to uncover the core dynamics of several Neural ODEs used in contemporary neuroscience. Specifically, using a data-driven approach, we identify Spectral Submanifolds (SSMs), i.e., low-dimensional attracting invariant manifolds tangent to the eigenspaces of fixed points. The internal dynamics of SSMs serve as nonlinear models that reduce the dimensionality of the full RNNs by orders of magnitude. Through low-dimensional, SSM-reduced models, we give mathematically precise definitions of line and ring attractors, which are intuitive concepts commonly used to explain decision-making and working memory. This unprecedented level of understanding of Neural ODEs obtained from SSM reduction enables the interpretation of mathematically well-defined and robust structures in neuronal dynamics, leading to predictions about the neural computations underlying behavior.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 4 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

haller-group/SSMTool-2.4

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Languages: MATLAB (2875), C++ (1)
Size: 3,201 files, 2,876 scripts
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Found in: the text, “The theory of spectral submanifolds”
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151 files

haller-group/SSMLearn

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Commit: 305581114f62239b70c1fe44bce69cbf939326ea, 25 September 2026
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alicemarr/RNN-paper

License: MIT
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Commit: f6702734490c90001db73cd7b7900998fb9a87cf, 28 July 2026
Languages: Python (20), Jupyter (4)
Size: 150 files, 24 scripts
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Found in: “Code availability”
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Not found: CITATION.cff, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: NumPy (21 files), Matplotlib (9 files), SciPy (7 files), SymPy (5 files), h5py (3 files), scikit-learn (1 file)
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26 files

Zenodo 20623670

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At the source:

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The code is available at this URL https://github.com/alicemarr/RNN-paper under the MIT license.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

The data is available at this URL https://github.com/alicemarr/RNN-paper under the MIT license. 10.5281/zenodo.20623670.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 2, 28 September 2026

  • Funding: added Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 4 authors, 2 keywords, 53 references.

Cite

This paper

Marraffa, A., Krause, R., Mante, V., & Haller, G. (2026). Data-driven reduced modeling of neural dynamics. Nature communications, 17(1), 9123. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75924-7

BibTeX

@article{marraffa2026data,
author = {Marraffa, A. and Krause, R. and Mante, V. and Haller, G.},
title = {{Data-driven reduced modeling of neural dynamics}},
journal = {Nature communications},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {9123},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2041-1723},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-75924-7},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75924-7},
pmid = {42649198},
pmcid = {PMC13519027}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Marraffa, A.
AU - Krause, R.
AU - Mante, V.
AU - Haller, G.
TI - Data-driven reduced modeling of neural dynamics
T2 - Nature communications
J2 - Nat Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/28
VL - 17
IS - 1
SP - 9123
SN - 2041-1723
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41467-026-75924-7
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75924-7
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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{
"family": "Mante",
"given": "V."
},
{
"family": "Haller",
"given": "G."
}
],
"container-title-short": "Nat Commun",
"volume": "17",
"issue": "1",
"page": "9123",
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-026-75924-7",
"PMID": "42649198",
"PMCID": "PMC13519027",
"ISSN": "2041-1723",
"publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75924-7",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
7,
28
]
]
}
}

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