OSCR

An exploratory study of headache pain intensity using facial expressions and APEX frames.

Overview

Authors: Jong-Ho Kim1,2,3, Jong-Hee Sohn3,4, Jae-Jun Lee1,3, Hongsig Kim3, Yong Chul Kim5, Geun Ho Song6, Sang Eun Shin6, Jong-Uk Hou7, Young-Suk Kwon1,2,3
  1. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
  2. Big Data center, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
  3. Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
  4. Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
  5. Department of Artificial Intelligence, Yong In University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
  6. Able AI Co., Ltd, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
  7. Division of Software, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Institutions: Hallym University (South Korea); Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital (South Korea); Yong In University (South Korea)
Journal: NPJ digital medicine, volume 9, issue 1, article 461
Dates: received 1 October 2025; accepted 30 March 2026; published online 13 April 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC-ND
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2 · PMID 41974887 · PMCID PMC13269923 · OpenAlex W7154159068
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code on request
Categories: human (organism), pain (population), clinical / translational (subfield)
Methods: Connectivity, Machine learning, fMRI & imaging, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: Diseases, Health care, Medical research, Neuroscience, Signs and symptoms
Topic: Migraine and Headache Studies (Psychiatry and Mental health, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: The Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation funded by the Korean Government (MSIT) (RS-2023-00223501)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 71 references in the paper

Abstract

The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.

Code

The paper says that its authors' code is available on request: it was not published with the paper, so there is nothing to verify.

Code availability statement

The paper has a code availability statement. Its license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow reproducing it here; in short, from what the harvester recognized in it:

  • it says that the code is available on request

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2.

Tracing map

A tracing map links a paper to the code its authors published: this paper has none (its code is available on request), so it has no map.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability statement

The paper has a data availability statement. Its license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow reproducing it here; in short, from what the harvester recognized in it:

  • it says that the data are available on request

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 29 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 9 authors, 5 keywords, 1 funder, 54 references.

Cite

This paper

Kim, J.-H., Sohn, J.-H., Lee, J.-J., Kim, H., Kim, Y. C., Song, G. H., Shin, S. E., Hou, J.-U., & Kwon, Y.-S. (2026). An exploratory study of headache pain intensity using facial expressions and APEX frames. NPJ digital medicine, 9(1), 461. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2

BibTeX

@article{kim2026exploratory,
author = {Kim, Jong-Ho and Sohn, Jong-Hee and Lee, Jae-Jun and Kim, Hongsig and Kim, Yong Chul and Song, Geun Ho and Shin, Sang Eun and Hou, Jong-Uk and Kwon, Young-Suk},
title = {{An exploratory study of headache pain intensity using facial expressions and APEX frames}},
journal = {NPJ digital medicine},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {461},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2398-6352},
doi = {10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2},
pmid = {41974887},
pmcid = {PMC13269923}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Kim, Jong-Ho
AU - Sohn, Jong-Hee
AU - Lee, Jae-Jun
AU - Kim, Hongsig
AU - Kim, Yong Chul
AU - Song, Geun Ho
AU - Shin, Sang Eun
AU - Hou, Jong-Uk
AU - Kwon, Young-Suk
TI - An exploratory study of headache pain intensity using facial expressions and APEX frames
T2 - NPJ digital medicine
J2 - NPJ Digit Med
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/13
VL - 9
IS - 1
SP - 461
SN - 2398-6352
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "An exploratory study of headache pain intensity using facial expressions and APEX frames",
"container-title": "NPJ digital medicine",
"author": [
{
"family": "Kim",
"given": "Jong-Ho"
},
{
"family": "Sohn",
"given": "Jong-Hee"
},
{
"family": "Lee",
"given": "Jae-Jun"
},
{
"family": "Kim",
"given": "Hongsig"
},
{
"family": "Kim",
"given": "Yong Chul"
},
{
"family": "Song",
"given": "Geun Ho"
},
{
"family": "Shin",
"given": "Sang Eun"
},
{
"family": "Hou",
"given": "Jong-Uk"
},
{
"family": "Kwon",
"given": "Young-Suk"
}
],
"container-title-short": "NPJ Digit Med",
"volume": "9",
"issue": "1",
"page": "461",
"DOI": "10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2",
"PMID": "41974887",
"PMCID": "PMC13269923",
"ISSN": "2398-6352",
"publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02617-2",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
4,
13
]
]
}
}

Similar papers

The papers with a page that share the most with this one: the tools found in their code, their categories, datasets, cited references and authors, the rarest counting most.

[1] doi:10.3389/fpain.2026.1850836 [code]
Diffusion tensor imaging in chronic tension-type headache.
Journal: Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)
In common: pain, 3 references
[2] doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122002
EEG-based clustering shows distinct separation of chronic pain patients before spinal cord stimulation surgery.
Journal: NeuroImage
In common: pain, clinical / translational, 2 references
[3] doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001442 [code]
PANDIA: Personalized neuro-symbolic multimodal fusion for interpretable neonatal pain assessment.
Journal: PLOS digital health
In common: pain, 2 references
[4] doi:10.1007/s10548-026-01247-x [code]
Salience Network Dynamics Across Spontaneous Attacks, Interictal Rest and Interictal Pain Imagery in Menstrually Related Migraine.
Journal: Brain topography
In common: pain, 2 references
[5] doi:10.1186/s40708-026-00328-8 [code]
Brain dysconnectivity patterns associated with chronic back pain development.
Journal: Brain informatics
In common: pain, clinical / translational, 1 reference
[6] doi:10.1002/hbm.70602 [code]
Neuroimaging Correlates of Post-Stroke Pain After Ischemic Stroke: Secondary Analysis of the INSPiRE-TMS Trial.
Journal: Human brain mapping
In common: pain, clinical / translational, 1 reference
[7] doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115587
Exploratory metabolomic profiling in migraine with PFO reveals dysregulated pathways and highlights indoleacrylic acid.
Journal: iScience
In common: pain, clinical / translational, 1 reference
[8] doi:10.1186/s10194-026-02354-7
DNA methylation signatures of treatment response in medication-overuse headache.
Journal: The journal of headache and pain
In common: pain, clinical / translational, 1 reference
[9] doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10529-w
Top-down influence of the inferior frontal gyrus on motor cortex excitability during pain empathy.
Journal: Communications biology
In common: pain, 1 reference
[10] doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003948 [code]
Neural encoding of pain is robust within but unstable between individuals.
Journal: PLoS biology
In common: pain, 1 reference

Contribute

The authors of this paper can claim it, correct its record and validate its tracing map, and the maintainers of its code (its owner, or a public member of its organization) correct what it says of their repository; anyone signed in can ask for its removal. Every request goes to OSCR's own machine, which answers it; your account page follows them.

Sign in with ORCID to claim this paper as one of its authors, correct its record or validate its tracing map: when the paper's metadata lists your ORCID iD, you are recognized at once. Maintainers of its code: sign in with GitHub, then claim the repository on your account page.

Request its removal

To ask OSCR to remove this record, the copies of its authors' scripts or its tracing map, use the removal request page: signed in, you say who you are, what to remove and why, then review and confirm the request. Published rules decide every request (how).

Discussion, reproductions, activity

Discussion: questions and error reports about this paper and its code, from signed-in readers and its authors. It opens with sign-in.

Reproductions: reports from readers who ran the authors' code: what they reproduced, with which environment, commit and data. It opens with sign-in.

Activity: what happens around this paper: new versions of its record, its map's validation, discussions and reproductions. It opens with sign-in.