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Sleep deprivation exhibits an age-dependent effect on infraslow global brain activity.

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Paper

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 124 lines · 4.5 KB · no license

  1. % Figure 1E,1F
  2. clear; close all;
  3. load('coupling.mat') % coupling_control (nCtrlx 3 scans), coupling_sd (nSDx 3 scans)
  4. load('gbold.mat') % gbold_control (nCtrlx 3 scans), gbold_sd (nSDx 3 scans)
  6. %% Figure.1E
  7. % ---- stats ----
  8. [~, p_cpl_ctrl_s12] = ttest(coupling_control(:,1),coupling_control(:,2)) % control: scan2 vs scan1
  9. [~, p_cpl_ctrl_s23] = ttest(coupling_control(:,2),coupling_control(:,3)) % control: scan3 vs scan2
  10. [~, p_cpl_sd_s12] = ttest(coupling_sd(:,1),coupling_sd(:,2)) % SD: scan2 vs scan1
  11. [~, p_cpl_sd_s23] = ttest(coupling_sd(:,2),coupling_sd(:,3)) % SD: scan3 vs scan2
  13. cpl_diff_control = diff(coupling_control,1,2);
  14. cpl_diff_sd = diff(coupling_sd,1,2);
  16. %
  17. m_ctrl = mean(coupling_control,1);
  18. e_ctrl = std(coupling_control,[],1) ./ sqrt(size(coupling_control,1));
  19. m_sd = mean(coupling_sd,1);
  20. e_sd = std(coupling_sd,[],1) ./ sqrt(size(coupling_sd,1));
  22. m_dctrl = mean(cpl_diff_control,1);
  23. e_dctrl = std(cpl_diff_control,[],1) ./ sqrt(size(cpl_diff_control,1));
  24. m_dsd = mean(cpl_diff_sd,1);
  25. e_dsd = std(cpl_diff_sd,[],1) ./ sqrt(size(cpl_diff_sd,1));
  27. % ---- Left: coupling ----
  28. bar_wid = 0.6;
  29. font = 22;
  30. ppl1 = [161/255 125/255 180/255];
  31. ppl2 = [142/255 165/255 200/255];
  32. figure('position',[10,10,1000,350])
  33. ax1 = subplot(1,11,[1,2,3,4,5]); hold on
  34. xC = [1 2 3];
  35. xS = [5 6 7];
  36. for k=1:3
  37. bar(xC(k), m_ctrl(k), bar_wid, 'FaceColor', ppl1, 'EdgeColor','k');
  38. errorbar(xC(k), m_ctrl(k), e_ctrl(k), 'k', 'LineStyle','none');
  39. end
  40. for k=1:3
  41. bar(xS(k), m_sd(k), bar_wid, 'FaceColor', ppl2, 'EdgeColor','k');
  42. errorbar(xS(k), m_sd(k), e_sd(k), 'k', 'LineStyle','none');
  43. end
  44. ylim([-0.5 0])
  45. ylabel('gBOLD-CSF coupling','FontSize',font,'FontName','Arial')
  46. set(gca,'FontSize',font,'FontName','Arial')
  47. set(gca,'XTick',[2,6],'XTickLabel',{'Control','Sleep Deprived'})
  49. % ---- Right: coupling change ----
  50. ax2 = subplot(1,11,[8,9,10,11]); hold on
  51. xC2 = [1 2];
  52. xS2 = [4 5];
  53. for k=1:2
  54. bar(xC2(k), m_dctrl(k), bar_wid, 'FaceColor', ppl1, 'EdgeColor','k');
  55. errorbar(xC2(k), m_dctrl(k), e_dctrl(k), 'k', 'LineStyle','none');
  56. end
  57. for k=1:2
  58. bar(xS2(k), m_dsd(k), bar_wid, 'FaceColor', ppl2, 'EdgeColor','k');
  59. errorbar(xS2(k), m_dsd(k), e_dsd(k), 'k', 'LineStyle','none');
  60. end
  61. ylim([-0.20 0.20])
  62. ylabel('gBOLD-CSF coupling change','FontSize',font,'FontName','Arial')
  63. set(gca,'FontSize',font,'FontName','Arial')
  64. set(gca,'XTick',[1.5,4.5],'XTickLabel',{'Control','Sleep Deprived'})
  67. %% Figure (gBOLD) - same as coupling
  68. % ---- stats ----
  69. [~, p_gbold_ctrl_s12] = ttest(gbold_control(:,1), gbold_control(:,2)) % control: scan2 vs scan1
  70. [~, p_gbold_ctrl_s23] = ttest(gbold_control(:,2), gbold_control(:,3)) % control: scan3 vs scan2
  71. [~, p_gbold_sd_s12] = ttest(gbold_sd(:,1), gbold_sd(:,2)) % SD: scan2 vs scan1
  72. [~, p_gbold_sd_s23] = ttest(gbold_sd(:,2), gbold_sd(:,3)) % SD: scan3 vs scan2
  74. gbold_diff_control = diff(gbold_control,1,2); % [scan2-scan1, scan3-scan2]
  75. gbold_diff_sd = diff(gbold_sd,1,2);
  77. %
  78. m_ctrl = mean(gbold_control,1);
  79. e_ctrl = std(gbold_control,[],1) ./ sqrt(size(gbold_control,1));
  80. m_sd = mean(gbold_sd,1);
  81. e_sd = std(gbold_sd,[],1) ./ sqrt(size(gbold_sd,1));
  83. m_dctrl = mean(gbold_diff_control,1);
  84. e_dctrl = std(gbold_diff_control,[],1) ./ sqrt(size(gbold_diff_control,1));
  85. m_dsd = mean(gbold_diff_sd,1);
  86. e_dsd = std(gbold_diff_sd,[],1) ./ sqrt(size(gbold_diff_sd,1));
  88. bar_wid = 0.6;
  89. font = 22;
  90. ppl1 = [161/255 125/255 180/255];
  91. ppl2 = [142/255 165/255 200/255];
  93. figure('position',[10,10,1000,350])
  94. % ---- Left: gBOLD amplitude ----
  95. subplot(1,11,[1,2,3,4,5]); hold on
  96. xC = [1 2 3];
  97. xS = [5 6 7];
  98. for k=1:3
  99. bar(xC(k), m_ctrl(k), bar_wid, 'FaceColor', ppl1, 'EdgeColor','k');
  100. errorbar(xC(k), m_ctrl(k), e_ctrl(k), 'k', 'LineStyle','none');
  101. end
  102. for k=1:3
  103. bar(xS(k), m_sd(k), bar_wid, 'FaceColor', ppl2, 'EdgeColor','k');
  104. errorbar(xS(k), m_sd(k), e_sd(k), 'k', 'LineStyle','none');
  105. end
  106. ylabel('gBOLD amplitude','FontSize',font,'FontName','Arial')
  107. set(gca,'FontSize',font,'FontName','Arial')
  108. ylim([0 0.55])
  110. % ---- Right: gBOLD amplitude change ----
  111. subplot(1,11,[8,9,10,11]); hold on
  112. xC2 = [1 2];
  113. xS2 = [4 5];
  114. for k=1:2
  115. bar(xC2(k), m_dctrl(k), bar_wid, 'FaceColor', ppl1, 'EdgeColor','k');
  116. errorbar(xC2(k), m_dctrl(k), e_dctrl(k), 'k', 'LineStyle','none');
  117. end
  118. for k=1:2
  119. bar(xS2(k), m_dsd(k), bar_wid, 'FaceColor', ppl2, 'EdgeColor','k');
  120. errorbar(xS2(k), m_dsd(k), e_dsd(k), 'k', 'LineStyle','none');
  121. end
  122. ylabel('gBOLD amplitude change','FontSize',font,'FontName','Arial')
  123. set(gca,'FontSize',font,'FontName','Arial')
  124. ylim([-0.15 0.15])

Figure1.m at commit b8896ec, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Yibing Yang1, Weiwei Zhao2, Yutong Mao1, Tianxin Mao2, Yao Deng2, Yifan Yang1, Hengyi Rao2,3, Xiao Liu1,4
ORCID iDs: Yibing Yang, Weiwei Zhao, Yutong Mao, Yifan Yang, Hengyi Rao, Xiao Liu
  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
  2. Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
  3. Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
  4. Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
Institutions: Pennsylvania State University (United States); University of Pennsylvania (United States)
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 123, issue 11, article e2528913123
Dates: received 10 October 2025; accepted 10 February 2026; published online 10 March 2026; in print 17 March 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC-ND
Identifiers: DOI 10.1073/pnas.2528913123 · PMID 41805579 · PMCID PMC12993984 · OpenAlex W7134958592
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: human (organism)
Methods: Statistics, Connectivity, fMRI & imaging, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: sleep deprivation, global brain activity, cerebrospinal fluid
MeSH: Aging*, Brain*, Sleep Deprivation*, Adult, Animals, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen (* major topic)
Journal subjects: Biological Sciences, Neuroscience
Topic: Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus (Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: BRAIN Initiative (1RF1MH123247); NIH R01 (1R01NS113889, R01-HL102119)
Citations: cited by 1 paper (Europe PMC); 81 references in the paper
Research resources: RRID:SCR_025154, RRID:SCR_026424

Abstract

The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.

Repositories

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psu-mcnl/SD_brain_activity

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 30 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: b8896ecf8ccc5c92e284a824eadabcef140524f5, 23 January 2026
Languages: MATLAB (3)
Size: 8 files, 3 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data, Materials, and Software Availability”
Holds: README
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers
  • 30 September 2026: the link answers
4 files
At the source: github.com/psu-mcnl/SD_brain_activity

Zenodo 15641972

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 30 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file, 0 scripts
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: the references
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 30 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
At the source:

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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Data

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Code and data availability statement

The paper has a code and data availability statement. Its license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow reproducing it here; in short, from what the harvester recognized in it:

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2528913123.

Versions

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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 8 authors, 3 keywords, 9 MeSH terms, 2 funders, 79 references, 2 RRIDs.

Cite

This paper

Yang, Y., Zhao, W., Mao, Y., Mao, T., Deng, Y., Yang, Y., Rao, H., & Liu, X. (2026). Sleep deprivation exhibits an age-dependent effect on infraslow global brain activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 123(11), e2528913123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2528913123

BibTeX

@article{yang2026sleep,
author = {Yang, Yibing and Zhao, Weiwei and Mao, Yutong and Mao, Tianxin and Deng, Yao and Yang, Yifan and Rao, Hengyi and Liu, Xiao},
title = {{Sleep deprivation exhibits an age-dependent effect on infraslow global brain activity}},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
volume = {123},
number = {11},
pages = {e2528913123},
publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
issn = {0027-8424},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2528913123},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2528913123},
pmid = {41805579},
pmcid = {PMC12993984}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Yang, Yibing
AU - Zhao, Weiwei
AU - Mao, Yutong
AU - Mao, Tianxin
AU - Deng, Yao
AU - Yang, Yifan
AU - Rao, Hengyi
AU - Liu, Xiao
TI - Sleep deprivation exhibits an age-dependent effect on infraslow global brain activity
T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/03/10
VL - 123
IS - 11
SP - e2528913123
SN - 0027-8424
PB - National Academy of Sciences
DO - 10.1073/pnas.2528913123
UR - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2528913123
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.1073/pnas.2528913123",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Sleep deprivation exhibits an age-dependent effect on infraslow global brain activity",
"container-title": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
"author": [
{
"family": "Yang",
"given": "Yibing"
},
{
"family": "Zhao",
"given": "Weiwei"
},
{
"family": "Mao",
"given": "Yutong"
},
{
"family": "Mao",
"given": "Tianxin"
},
{
"family": "Deng",
"given": "Yao"
},
{
"family": "Yang",
"given": "Yifan"
},
{
"family": "Rao",
"given": "Hengyi"
},
{
"family": "Liu",
"given": "Xiao"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A",
"volume": "123",
"issue": "11",
"page": "e2528913123",
"DOI": "10.1073/pnas.2528913123",
"PMID": "41805579",
"PMCID": "PMC12993984",
"ISSN": "0027-8424",
"publisher": "National Academy of Sciences",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2528913123",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
10
]
]
}
}

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