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Optogenetic tachypacing facilitates burst-induced arrhythmia in stem cell-derived human atrial engineered heart tissue.

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Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

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The authors' code

Markdown · 21 lines · 731 B · no license

  1. # led_plate_feather_dma
  2. ## Installation
  3. To successfuly compile the code a few additional components are needed:
  5. ### Adafruit SAMD boards
  6. add
  7. `https://adafruit.github.io/arduino-board-index/package_adafruit_index.json`
  8. under Preferences -> Additional Board Manager URLs
  10. Install the new Boards from the Board Manager
  11. ### Adafruit & Arduino SAMD Libraries
  12. Install both the Arduino and the Adafruit SAMD Core Libraries from the Library Manager
  13. ### DMA and FlashStorage
  14. Install the Adafruit ZeroDMA Library and the FlashStorage Library
  16. ## Usage
  17. Connect the _Clk_-line to the _SCK_ Pin on the Feather
  19. Connect the _Dat_-line to the _MO_ Pin on the Feather
  21. Sending _h_ will return a help string with all accepted commands and formats

README.md at commit 9f5715a, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Karl-Felix Müller1,2,3, Bangfen Pan1,2,4, Julius Ridder2,3,5, Jessica Schrapers1,2, Julius Hansen6, Tandy M Meier1,2, Carl Schulz1,2,3, Tim Stüdemann1,2, Marta Lemme1,7, Julia Krause2,3, Marc N Hirt1,2,5, Aaltje Maria Stella Stoter1,2, Ingke Braren8, Michael Spohn9, Florian Weinberger1,2,10, Larissa Fabritz2,3,5, Xiaodong Duan11,12, Shiqiang Gao11, Christine E Gee13, Arne Hansen1,2, Thomas Eschenhagen1,2, Torsten Christ1,2, Justus Stenzig1,2
ORCID iDs: Karl-Felix Müller, Bangfen Pan, Julius Ridder, Jessica Schrapers, Julius Hansen, Tandy M Meier, Carl Schulz, Tim Stüdemann, Julia Krause, Marc N Hirt, Aaltje Maria Stella Stoter, Ingke Braren, Michael Spohn, Florian Weinberger, Larissa Fabritz, Xiaodong Duan, Shiqiang Gao, Christine E Gee, Thomas Eschenhagen, Torsten Christ, Justus Stenzig
13 affiliations
  1. Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
  2. DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
  3. Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
  4. Institute of Experimental Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
  5. University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
  6. Sarcura GmbH, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
  7. Nanion Technologies GmbH, 80339 Munich, Germany
  8. Vector Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
  9. Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
  10. Research Group Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Therapies, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
  11. Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
  12. Department of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
  13. Department of Synaptic Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
Institutions: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (Germany); University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany); Universität Hamburg (Germany); Nanion (Germany) (Germany); Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (Spain); University of Würzburg (Germany); Southern University of Science and Technology (China)
Journal: Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, volume 28, issue 8, article euag158
Dates: received 16 February 2026; accepted 19 June 2026; published online 18 August 2026; in print August 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1093/europace/euag158 · PMID 42611532 · PMCID PMC13484016 · OpenAlex W7203710270
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: empty repository
Categories: human (organism)
Methods: Statistics, fMRI & imaging, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions
Keywords: Optogenetics, Tissue engineering, iPS cells, Atrial fibrillation
MeSH: Atrial Fibrillation*, Cardiac Pacing, Artificial*, Heart Atria*, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells*, Myocytes, Cardiac*, Optogenetics*, Tissue Engineering*, Action Potentials, Cells, Cultured, Humans (* major topic)
Topic: Photoreceptor and optogenetics research (Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: DFG ClusterDiag (539658720); DZHK; DFG (STE2596/4-1/456060636, STE2596/5-1/528380599); MAESTRIA (EU 965286); KFM, JSc, CS, TMM; JST
Citations: cited by 1 paper (Europe PMC); 59 references in the paper

Abstract

Aims: Large animal models for atrial fibrillation (AF) research are ethically challenging and costly. Suitable humanized in vitro models could circumvent these problems. Here, we aimed to combine tissue engineering, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-aCM), and optogenetic pacing to trigger an in vitro fibrillation-like state, which can be analysed by simple video recording.

Methods and results: Atrial engineered heart tissue (aEHT) was created from hiPSC-aCM and transduced with adeno-associated virus vectors to express the channelrhodopsins CheRiff2.0, Chronos, or PsCatCh2.0f, respectively. We developed novel optogenetic hardware, based on microcontroller programmable light-emitting diodes. The interplay between aEHTs and hardware was optimized, and different pacing patterns were evaluated. Electrical burst pacing was evaluated for arrhythmia induction. Tissue constructs were analysed with regard to action potential, gene and protein expression, and structure. We found our optimized CheRiff2.0 best suitable for optogenetic pacing of aEHT at up to 5 Hz. Atrial EHT could be faithfully tachypaced at 4 Hz for 2.5 weeks. After 5 weeks, electrical burst pacing (20 Hz, 0.5 s) successfully induced self-sustained episodes of a state of fast beating, lower force, and incomplete relaxation. The propensity of these burst-evoked episodes of fibrillation was 3.2-fold higher in long-term paced aEHT than in non-paced controls. Action potential shape and gene expression recapitulated typical features of AF in the tachypaced aEHTs.

Conclusion: We successfully created a first-of-its-kind in vitro model of AF, recapitulating the self-sustainability of atrial arrhythmia (‘AF begets AF’). Fibrillation-like episodes can be verified by visual inspection, rendering analysis possible without an electrophysiological setup.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

owlcap0ne/pacer_led_board

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 9f5715aa3f2f097eb504c7180609cb1f619bc40a, 17 March 2025
Size: 9 files, 0 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the text, “Components of the pacing device”
Holds: README
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers
  • 26 September 2026: the link answers
1 file
At the source: github.com/owlcap0ne/pacer_led_board

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 0 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

Most data are displayed as individual data points from individual replicates and are thus incorporated directly in the article and its supplement. Code for the pacing device is available online at https://github.com/owlcap0ne/pacer_led_board. Additional raw data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author. Sequence data on the improved channelrhodopsin are subject to an embargo of 12 months from the publication date of the article. Once the embargo expires, the data will be available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author respecting possible patent circumstances.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 23 authors, 4 keywords, 10 MeSH terms, 6 funders, 57 references.

Cite

This paper

Müller, K.-F., Pan, B., Ridder, J., Schrapers, J., Hansen, J., Meier, T. M., Schulz, C., Stüdemann, T., Lemme, M., Krause, J., Hirt, M. N., Stoter, A. M. S., Braren, I., Spohn, M., Weinberger, F., Fabritz, L., Duan, X., Gao, S., Gee, C. E., . . . Stenzig, J. (2026). Optogenetic tachypacing facilitates burst-induced arrhythmia in stem cell-derived human atrial engineered heart tissue. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 28(8), euag158. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euag158

BibTeX

@article{muller2026optogenetic,
author = {Müller, Karl-Felix and Pan, Bangfen and Ridder, Julius and Schrapers, Jessica and Hansen, Julius and Meier, Tandy M and Schulz, Carl and Stüdemann, Tim and Lemme, Marta and Krause, Julia and Hirt, Marc N and Stoter, Aaltje Maria Stella and Braren, Ingke and Spohn, Michael and Weinberger, Florian and Fabritz, Larissa and Duan, Xiaodong and Gao, Shiqiang and Gee, Christine E and Hansen, Arne and Eschenhagen, Thomas and Christ, Torsten and Stenzig, Justus},
title = {{Optogenetic tachypacing facilitates burst-induced arrhythmia in stem cell-derived human atrial engineered heart tissue}},
journal = {Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
volume = {28},
number = {8},
pages = {euag158},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
issn = {1099-5129},
doi = {10.1093/europace/euag158},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euag158},
pmid = {42611532},
pmcid = {PMC13484016}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Müller, Karl-Felix
AU - Pan, Bangfen
AU - Ridder, Julius
AU - Schrapers, Jessica
AU - Hansen, Julius
AU - Meier, Tandy M
AU - Schulz, Carl
AU - Stüdemann, Tim
AU - Lemme, Marta
AU - Krause, Julia
AU - Hirt, Marc N
AU - Stoter, Aaltje Maria Stella
AU - Braren, Ingke
AU - Spohn, Michael
AU - Weinberger, Florian
AU - Fabritz, Larissa
AU - Duan, Xiaodong
AU - Gao, Shiqiang
AU - Gee, Christine E
AU - Hansen, Arne
AU - Eschenhagen, Thomas
AU - Christ, Torsten
AU - Stenzig, Justus
TI - Optogenetic tachypacing facilitates burst-induced arrhythmia in stem cell-derived human atrial engineered heart tissue
T2 - Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology
J2 - Europace
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/01
VL - 28
IS - 8
SP - euag158
SN - 1099-5129
PB - Oxford University Press
DO - 10.1093/europace/euag158
UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euag158
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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