OSCR

No evidence for modulation of the readiness potential by respiratory phase during natural breathing.

Code ↔ Paper

4 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 4 matches · all tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: weak matches, whose lines are not tinted
  1. [1] § Materials and methods › Newly collected data acquisition and preprocessing ↔ src/Get75.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.58 · Hilbert transform, 0.2–0.8 Hz, FieldTrip, downsampled, filtered, signals
  2. [2] § Materials and methods › Newly collected data acquisition and preprocessing ↔ src/GetEMG.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.58 · Hilbert transform, 0.2–0.8 Hz, FieldTrip, downsampled, filtered, signals
  3. [3] § Materials and methods › Newly collected data acquisition and preprocessing ↔ src/GetEMG.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.54 · 20–200 Hz, FieldTrip, EMG, filtered, 20 Hz, signals
  4. [4] § Materials and methods › Original data acquisition and preprocessing ↔ src/Get75.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.54 · Hilbert transform, 0.2–0.8 Hz, filtered, signals, respiratory phase, 0.2 Hz

Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

The paper is loaded when this pane is shown.

The authors' code

MATLAB · 60 lines · 2.2 KB · no license · 2 matches

The registry keeps no copy of this file: its repository has no license, so its authors keep all their rights to it. Your browser shows it from its source, with JavaScript.

It can be read at the source: src/Get75.m.

Overview

Authors: Lucas Jeay-Bizot1,2,3, Raniyah Chishti1, Uri Maoz1,2,4,5,6,7, Aaron Schurger1,5,8
ORCID iDs: Lucas Jeay-Bizot, Uri Maoz, Aaron Schurger
  1. Laboratory for Understanding Consciousness, Intentions, and Decisions in Brains and Machines (LUCID), Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
  2. Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
  3. Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
  4. Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
  5. Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
  6. Anderson School of Management, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
  7. Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
  8. Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin Center, Gif sur Yvette, France
Institutions: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (United States); Chapman University (United States); California Institute of Technology (United States); University of California, Los Angeles (United States); Inserm (France)
Journal: PLoS biology, volume 24, issue 9, article e3003982
Dates: received 13 May 2026; accepted 18 August 2026; published online 2 September 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982 · PMID 42685133 · PMCID PMC13561358 · OpenAlex W7206197158
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: EEG (modality), human (organism)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Connectivity, Statistics, Preprocessing, Physiology & signal measures
MeSH: Contingent Negative Variation*, Respiration*, Bayes Theorem, Electroencephalography, Humans, Movement (* major topic)
Topic: Neuroscience of respiration and sleep (Endocrine and Autonomic Systems, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: BIAL Foundation (501065); Chapman University (NA); John Templeton Foundation (61283); Templeton World Charity Foundation and the Center for Open Science (0593); Fetzer Institute (4189)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 54 references in the paper

Abstract

Respiratory processes are increasingly implicated in shaping neural activity and behavior. Recent studies have reported a coupling between respiratory phase and the cortical readiness potential (RP), suggesting that breathing may modulate the neural processes preceding voluntary action. Here, using electroencephalography recordings in humans, we re-examine this claim using the original dataset and a new independent dataset, as well as in simulated data with no coupling. We show that the reported association arises from a confound: both RP amplitude and respiratory phase are coupled to movement onset. The original analysis does not control for this dependency, leading to a spurious effect that is also observed in simulated data. When trials are instead grouped by respiratory phase at the time of movement, thereby controlling for this confound, the apparent coupling disappears. Across datasets, Bayesian analyses provide evidence for the absence of an effect under natural breathing conditions. These findings indicate that respiratory phase does not directly modulate RP amplitude during spontaneous behavior. More broadly, they reveal a shortcoming of phase-amplitude coupling analyses applied to epoched data with slowly varying signals, and highlight the importance of controlling for shared dependencies when interpreting physiological–neural relationships.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 4 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

Zenodo 17715626

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data Availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: CircStat (5 files), FieldTrip (5 files), Signal Processing Toolbox (5 files), Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (5 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 26 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
17 files
At the source: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17715626

lucasjeaybizot/breathingrp2025

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 86a32384579af1676f69febf9f60345c9c74f84a, 25 November 2025
Languages: MATLAB (16)
Size: 36 files, 16 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the Zenodo archive record
Holds: README
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: CircStat (5 files), FieldTrip (5 files), Signal Processing Toolbox (5 files), Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (5 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers
  • 26 September 2026: the link answers
17 files, not copied: shown from their source

OSCR keeps no copy of these files: this repository has no license that allows it. The reader above shows each one from its source, fetched by your browser at commit 86a3238, when its fingerprint is the one OSCR verified. How this works.

At the source: github.com/lucasjeaybizot/BreathingRP2025/tree/v1.0.0

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 32 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 4 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

Datasets cited

Data Availability

The raw data generated in this study are publicly available in the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3CVYK. The processed data and simulated datasets are publicly available through the Zenodo archive of the associated GitHub repository at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17715626. The original dataset reported by Park and colleagues (2020) is not hosted by the authors of the present study. Access to these data may be requested directly from the authors of Park and colleagues (2020). All code used to process and analyze the data and generate the figures is publicly available through the Zenodo archive of the associated GitHub repository at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17715626.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 4 authors, 6 MeSH terms, 5 funders, 50 references.

Cite

This paper

Jeay-Bizot, L., Chishti, R., Maoz, U., & Schurger, A. (2026). No evidence for modulation of the readiness potential by respiratory phase during natural breathing. PLoS biology, 24(9), e3003982. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982

BibTeX

@article{jeaybizot2026no,
author = {Jeay-Bizot, Lucas and Chishti, Raniyah and Maoz, Uri and Schurger, Aaron},
title = {{No evidence for modulation of the readiness potential by respiratory phase during natural breathing}},
journal = {PLoS biology},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
volume = {24},
number = {9},
pages = {e3003982},
publisher = {PLOS},
issn = {1544-9173},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982},
pmid = {42685133},
pmcid = {PMC13561358}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Jeay-Bizot, Lucas
AU - Chishti, Raniyah
AU - Maoz, Uri
AU - Schurger, Aaron
TI - No evidence for modulation of the readiness potential by respiratory phase during natural breathing
T2 - PLoS biology
J2 - PLoS Biol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/02
VL - 24
IS - 9
SP - e3003982
SN - 1544-9173
PB - PLOS
DO - 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "No evidence for modulation of the readiness potential by respiratory phase during natural breathing",
"container-title": "PLoS biology",
"author": [
{
"family": "Jeay-Bizot",
"given": "Lucas"
},
{
"family": "Chishti",
"given": "Raniyah"
},
{
"family": "Maoz",
"given": "Uri"
},
{
"family": "Schurger",
"given": "Aaron"
}
],
"container-title-short": "PLoS Biol",
"volume": "24",
"issue": "9",
"page": "e3003982",
"DOI": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982",
"PMID": "42685133",
"PMCID": "PMC13561358",
"ISSN": "1544-9173",
"publisher": "PLOS",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
9,
2
]
]
}
}

The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.

Similar papers

The papers with a page that share the most with this one: the tools found in their code, their categories, datasets, cited references and authors, the rarest counting most.

[1] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71604-8 [code]
Respiration as a dynamic modulator of sensory sampling.
Journal: Nature communications
In common: CircStat, FieldTrip, Signal Processing Toolbox, 1 other tool, 7 references
[2] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73828-0 [code]
Human forebrain neural synchronization and entrainment to breathing during wakefulness, sleep, and external mechanical ventilation.
Journal: Nature communications
In common: Signal Processing Toolbox, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, 9 references
[3] doi:10.7554/elife.107081 [code]
Cortical motor activity modulates respiration and reduces apnoea in neonates.
Journal: eLife
In common: FieldTrip, Signal Processing Toolbox, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, EEG, 7 references
[4] doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014672 [code]
Robust circular cluster-based statistics for respiration-brain coupling.
Journal: PLoS computational biology
In common: Signal Processing Toolbox, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, 6 references
[5] doi:10.1073/pnas.2603853123 [code]
A nose-to-brain circuit underlies anxiety regulation by nasal afferent frequency in mice.
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
In common: Signal Processing Toolbox, 6 references
[6] doi:10.1523/eneuro.0316-25.2026 [code]
Neural Mechanisms of Self-Generated Action Sequences.
Journal: eNeuro
In common: FieldTrip, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, EEG, 4 references
[7] doi:10.1093/cercor/bhag108 [code]
Action fluency and conscious intention: being aware of what we are about to do.
Journal: Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
In common: EEG, 5 references
[8] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73106-z [code]
Respiratory pauses highlight sleep architecture in mice.
Journal: Nature communications
In common: CircStat, FieldTrip, Signal Processing Toolbox, 1 other tool, EEG, 1 reference
[9] doi:10.1126/sciadv.aee1002 [code]
Theta oscillations are an organizational unit of odor processing in the olfactory bulb.
Journal: Science advances
In common: CircStat, FieldTrip, Signal Processing Toolbox, 1 other tool, 1 reference
[10] doi:10.1007/s00221-026-07342-6 [code]
A portable solution for simultaneous human movement and mobile EEG acquisition: readiness potential for basketball free-throw shooting.
Journal: Experimental brain research
In common: FieldTrip, Signal Processing Toolbox, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, EEG, 2 references

Contribute

The authors of this paper can claim it, correct its record and validate its tracing map, and the maintainers of its code (its owner, or a public member of its organization) correct what it says of their repository; anyone signed in can ask for its removal. Every request goes to OSCR's own machine, which answers it; your account page follows them.

Sign in with ORCID to claim this paper as one of its authors, correct its record or validate its tracing map: when the paper's metadata lists your ORCID iD, you are recognized at once. Maintainers of its code: sign in with GitHub, then claim the repository on your account page.

Request its removal

To ask OSCR to remove this record, the copies of its authors' scripts or its tracing map, use the removal request page: signed in, you say who you are, what to remove and why, then review and confirm the request. Published rules decide every request (how).

Discussion, reproductions, activity

Discussion: questions and error reports about this paper and its code, from signed-in readers and its authors. It opens with sign-in.

Reproductions: reports from readers who ran the authors' code: what they reproduced, with which environment, commit and data. It opens with sign-in.

Activity: what happens around this paper: new versions of its record, its map's validation, discussions and reproductions. It opens with sign-in.