Timed image naming evaluation for adults (TIME) using BOSS images.

Overview

Authors: Sabine Heuer¹, Corey Briska², Priyanka Shah-Basak², Sara Pillay²

ORCID iDs: Sara Pillay

Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America

Institutions: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (United States); Medical College of Wisconsin (United States)

Journal: PloS one, volume 21, issue 3, article e0341774

Dates: received 28 July 2025; accepted 12 January 2026; published online 9 March 2026

Type: Research article · Language: English

License: CC BY

Identifiers: DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0341774 · PMID 41801850 · PMCID PMC12970895 · OpenAlex W7134246466

Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)

Status: data only

Categories: behavior only (modality), human (organism), cognitive (subfield)

Methods: Statistics, Spectral & time-frequency, Connectivity

MeSH: Aging*, Psycholinguistics*, Reaction Time*, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Photography (* major topic)

Journal subjects: People and Places, Population Groupings, Age Groups, Physical Sciences, Mathematics, Discrete Mathematics, Combinatorics, Permutation, Social Sciences, Linguistics, Psycholinguistics, Adults, Elderly, Biology and Life Sciences, Developmental Biology, Organism Development, Aging, Physiology, Physiological Processes, Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, Cognitive Psychology, Language, Psychology, Semantics, Perception, Sensory Perception, Vision

Topic: Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex

Funding: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD093427)

Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 43 references in the paper

Abstract

Normative data for naming photographs are essential in psycholinguistic research. However, image naming norms are typically derived from young adults, limiting their relevance for older populations, who are at greater risk for language impairments due to neurological conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury or dementia. Further, lexical retrieval declines also in healthy aging, making it essential to establish norms for older adults to distinguish normal from impaired word retrieval. This study provides normative data for 600 photographs of the Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS) focusing on three age cohorts (40–50, 51–65, and 66+). We examined naming accuracy, name agreement, H values, and response times (RT) to explore age-related differences in image naming. Participants completed a web-based oral picture naming task via video conferencing. Results revealed overall high naming accuracy (mean = 80.5%) and name agreement (mean = 87.4%) across the full sample, with modest variability across the range of adults self-reportedly free of neurological deficits. The 51–65 cohort showed the highest accuracy and fastest RTs. Significant correlations between RT and name agreement and H value support the inclusion of RT as key indices of naming difficulty. We discuss the implications of these findings considering psycholinguistic norms, demographic influences, and methodological differences from previous image norming studies. Novel contributions of this study include normative data for a large sample of middle to older age adults including RT and alternative names, expanding the utility of the BOSS image set for examining aging-related changes in lexical access. The study underscores the importance of including RT measures alongside traditional naming norms for improved characterization of visual stimuli. Open access to the updated dataset aims to facilitate future research into age-related language processing and supports personalized applications in cognitive and clinical settings.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

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Data

Datasets cited

osf:mhpbn, at OSF; found in “Data Availability”

Data Availability

Data can be accessed via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/mhpbn/?view_only=c21c43adcfce4490be514375013d9575.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 4 authors, 13 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 36 references.

Cite

This paper

Heuer, S., Briska, C., Shah-Basak, P., & Pillay, S. (2026). Timed image naming evaluation for adults (TIME) using BOSS images. PloS one, 21(3), e0341774. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341774

BibTeX

@article{heuer2026timed, author = {Heuer, Sabine and Briska, Corey and Shah-Basak, Priyanka and Pillay, Sara}, title = {{Timed image naming evaluation for adults (TIME) using BOSS images}}, journal = {PloS one}, year = {2026}, month = mar, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {e0341774}, publisher = {PLOS}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0341774}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341774}, pmid = {41801850}, pmcid = {PMC12970895} }

RIS

TY - JOUR AU - Heuer, Sabine AU - Briska, Corey AU - Shah-Basak, Priyanka AU - Pillay, Sara TI - Timed image naming evaluation for adults (TIME) using BOSS images T2 - PloS one J2 - PLoS One PY - 2026 DA - 2026/03/09 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - e0341774 SN - 1932-6203 PB - PLOS DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0341774 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341774 LA - en ER -

CSL-JSON

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