Language usage shapes neural mechanisms of code-switching
Overview
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Abstract
Linguistic environments play an important role in shaping the mechanisms of language processing. The current study examined how neural responses to bilingual code-switching vary as a function of ongoing language usage, and which control processes may underlie these differences. Forty highly proficient English-French bilinguals listened to continuous spoken narratives containing inter-sentential switches. Participants were matched for proficiency and language background but differed in their current L2 usage (Active vs. Inactive). Narratives alternated either between their first and second languages, or between language and an acoustically matched non-linguistic signal, providing a means to probe language disengagement and re-engagement. While comprehension and cortical speech tracking were comparable across groups, oscillatory analyses revealed a usage-dependent modulation of alpha-band activity. Active bilinguals showed comparable alpha responses to switch and non-switch sentences, whereas Inactive bilinguals showed reduced alpha power following language switches, emerging from 650 ms over parieto-occipital regions. The direction, timing, and location of this effect are consistent with later attention control processes rather than early perceptual responses to the switch. Further analyses suggested that group differences were more closely associated with language disengagement than re-engagement. Together, these findings demonstrate an association between current L2 usage and alpha-band responses during language switching, suggesting that ongoing language experience may be modulating the neural mechanisms of language control.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
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Data availability statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found at: https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
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Version 1, 7 November 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 2 authors, 7 keywords, 96 references.
Cite
This paper
Theron-Grimaldi, S., & Bozic, M. (2026). Language usage shapes neural mechanisms of code-switching. Frontiers in psychology, 17, 1959633.
BibTeX
@article{therongrimaldi2
author = {Theron-Grimaldi, Stephen and Bozic, Mirjana},
title = {{Language usage shapes neural mechanisms of code-switching}},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
volume = {17},
pages = {1959633},
publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
issn = {1664-1078},
pmcid = {PMC13731376}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Theron-Grimaldi, Stephen
AU - Bozic, Mirjana
TI - Language usage shapes neural mechanisms of code-switching
T2 - Frontiers in psychology
J2 - Front Psychol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 17
SP - 1959633
SN - 1664-1078
PB - Frontiers Media SA
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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