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The association between motor coordination, behavior, cognition and brain structure in children: an ABCD study.

Code ↔ Paper

2 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 2 matches
  1. [1] § Methods › Neuroimaging › Harmonization and processing of the dMRI data ↔ ukf/unscented_kalman_filter.h, lines 16–87 · score 0.58 · unscented Kalman Filter, reconstruction, UKF, covariates
  2. [2] § Methods › Neuroimaging › Harmonization and processing of the dMRI data ↔ ukf/unscented_kalman_filter.cc, lines 123–236 · score 0.55 · unscented Kalman Filter, UKF, covariates

Paper

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The authors' code

C/C++ header · 89 lines · 2.9 KB · other · 1 match

  1. /**
  2. * \file unscented_kalman_filter.h
  3. * \brief The implementation of the unscented Kalman Filter
  4. * The C++ implementation of the unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) with the option to run
  5. * with constraints
  6. */
  7. #ifndef UNSCENTED_KALMAN_FILTER_H_
  8. #define UNSCENTED_KALMAN_FILTER_H_
  9. #include <vector>
  10. #include "ukf_types.h"
  11. class FilterModel;
  12. /**
  13. * \class UnscentedKalmanFilter
  14. * \brief The C++ implementation of the unscented Kalman Filter
  15. */
  16. class UnscentedKalmanFilter
  17. {
  18. public:
  19. EIGEN_MAKE_ALIGNED_OPERATOR_NEW
  20. /**
  21. * \brief Constructor
  22. * \param filter_model The UKF is initialized with a filter model that defines the observation
  23. * and transition functions. Also required are the noise parameters.
  24. */
  25. UnscentedKalmanFilter(FilterModel *filter_model);
  26. /**
  27. * \brief Does the one filter step.
  28. * \param[in] x Current state vector
  29. * \param[in] p Current convariance matrix of the stateal and it
  30. * \param[in] z The signal interpolated at the current position
  31. * \param[out] x_new Updated state
  32. * \param[out] p_new Updated covariance
  33. * \param[out] The normalized mean squared reconstruction error
  34. */
  35. void Filter(const State& x, const ukfMatrixType& p, const ukfVectorType& z, // This is the signal
  36. State& x_new, ukfMatrixType& p_new, ukfPrecisionType& dNormMSE);
  37. private:
  38. /** Spreads the points around the current state using the covariance. */
  39. void SigmaPoints(const State& x, const ukfMatrixType& p, ukfMatrixType& x_spread);
  40. /**
  41. * \brief Contrains the state matrix
  42. * \param X The state matrix which is the result of spreading out the original state through SigmaPoints.
  43. * Will be constrained in this function.
  44. * \param W The covariance necesseray for contraining. See the malcolm MICCAI paper.
  45. */
  46. void Constrain(ukfMatrixType& X, const ukfMatrixType& W);
  47. /**
  48. * \brief Contrains the state vector
  49. * \param X The state vector which will be constrained.
  50. * \param W The covariance necesseray for contraining. See the malcolm MICCAI paper.
  51. */
  52. void Constrain(ukfVectorType& x, const ukfMatrixType& W);
  53. /** A helper function to check if the constrain operation is necessary */
  54. bool violatesContraints(ukfVectorType& x);
  55. /** Pointer to the filter model */
  56. const FilterModel * const m_FilterModel;
  57. /** state vector dimension */
  58. // HACK REMOVE int _state_dim;
  59. /** for the distribution of the sigma ponts (:= sqrt(dim + m_SigmaPointSpread) ) */
  60. ukfPrecisionType m_Scale;
  61. /** The weights for spreading the sigma points */
  62. ukfVectorType m_Weights;
  63. /** Matrix of weights for spreading of sigma points consisting of the repeted entries of m_Weights */
  64. ukfMatrixType m_WeightsRepeated;
  65. /** A fixed parameters used for spreading of the sigma points */
  66. ukfPrecisionType m_SigmaPointSpread;
  67. //DUMMY VARIABLES TAHT ARE ALWAYS ZERO and not used.
  68. ukfMatrixType m_DummyZeroCE;
  69. ukfVectorType m_DummyZeroce0;
  70. };
  71. #endif // UNSCENTED_KALMAN_FILTER_H_

unscented_kalman_filter.h at commit 2d2b661, under other · at the source

Overview

Authors: Elena M Bonke1,2,3,4, Suheyla Cetin-Karayumak4,5, Fan Zhang5, Yorghos Tripodis6,7, Caroline Seer8,9, Michael Frey10,11, Anja K Betz1,2,3,4, Philine Rojczyk1,2,3,4, Leo R Zekelman12,13, Johanna Seitz-Holland4,14, Steve Pieper15, Gerd Schulte-Koerne11, Martha E Shenton4,5,16, Lauren J O’Donnell5, Yogesh Rathi4,5, Inga K Koerte1,2,3,4,14
16 affiliations
  1. cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
  2. University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), Munich, Germany
  3. German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
  4. Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
  5. Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
  6. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
  7. Alzheimer’s Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
  8. Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  9. KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
  10. Faculty of Applied Healthcare Sciences, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Deggendorf, Germany
  11. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
  12. Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
  13. Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
  14. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
  15. Isomics, Inc., Cambridge, MA USA
  16. VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA USA
Institutions: Brigham and Women's Hospital (United States); Harvard University (United States); LMU Klinikum (Germany); Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Germany); Boston University (United States); KU Leuven (Belgium); Deggendorf Institute of Technology (Germany); Massachusetts General Hospital (United States); VA Boston Healthcare System (United States)
Journal: European child & adolescent psychiatry, volume 35, issue 6, pages 1983-1995
Dates: received 16 July 2025; accepted 14 November 2025; published online 6 April 2026; in print 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1007/s00787-025-02931-2 · PMID 41940926 · PMCID PMC13337589 · OpenAlex W7150809085
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: structural MRI / diffusion (modality), human (organism), cognitive (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Machine learning, fMRI & imaging, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions
Keywords: Motor coordination, Behavior, Cognition, White matter microstructure
Topic: Children's Physical and Motor Development (Developmental and Educational Psychology, Psychology), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Klinikum der Universität München
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 56 references in the paper

Abstract

The prevalence of behavioral and cognitive difficulties in children is high and often remains undetected. Evidence suggests that poor motor coordination may be an early indicator of these difficulties. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study investigates whether motor coordination is associated with behavioral and cognitive outcomes, and whether white matter microstructure characteristics mediate these relationships. Data from 9342 children participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study was analyzed. Children were categorized in two groups: normal (n = 8239; mean age = 9.93; 48.5% female) and poor motor coordination (n = 1103; mean age = 9.88; 42.3% female) based on parent-report. Behavior was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist, cognitive functioning using the Youth National Institute of Health toolbox, and white matter microstructure using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Children with poor motor coordination had significantly more behavioral difficulties, lower cognitive functioning and altered white matter microstructure. White matter microstructure partly mediated the associations between motor coordination and behavioral and cognitive outcomes.These findings underline the importance of early identification of poor motor coordination to support children at risk of broader developmental concerns, including behavioral and cognitive difficulties.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00787-025-02931-2.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 2 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

pnlbwh/ukftractography

License: other
State: the link answers, verified on 29 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 2d2b661539700aa825c1949823119601e11e1823, 2 June 2025
Languages: C/C++ (59), C++ (31), Python (2), Shell (2), MATLAB (1)
Size: 207 files, 95 scripts
Software Heritage: archived
Found in: the text, “Harmonization and processing of the dMRI data”
Holds: README, license file, environment (Dockerfile), continuous integration
Not found: CITATION.cff, tests, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers
  • 29 September 2026: the link answers
97 files

SlicerDMRI/whitematteranalysis

License: other
State: the link answers, verified on 29 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 4532b911386d2d1bc7ebba63fdd13e65b1660623, 13 June 2025
Languages: Python (125), Shell (2)
Size: 165 files, 127 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the text, “Harmonization and processing of the dMRI data”
Holds: README, license file, environment (requirements.txt, requirements_dev.txt, setup.py), tests, continuous integration, documentation
Not found: CITATION.cff
Tools: NumPy (46 files), SciPy (7 files), pandas (6 files), Matplotlib (2 files), NiBabel (2 files), scikit-learn (1 file), statsmodels (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers
  • 29 September 2026: the link answers
129 files

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 222 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 2 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data Availability Statement

A data use certificate has been signed between the authors and NIHM Data Archive. Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (https://abcdstudy.org), held in the NIMH Data Archive (NDA). This is a multisite, longitudinal study designed to recruit more than 10,000 children aged 9-10 and follow them over 10 years into early adulthood. The ABCD Study® is supported by the National Institutes of Health and additional federal partners under award numbers U01DA041048, U01DA050989, U01DA051016, U01DA041022, U01DA051018, U01DA051037, U01DA050987, U01DA041174, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041028, U01DA041134, U01DA050988, U01DA051039, U01DA041156, U01DA041025, U01DA041120, U01DA051038, U01DA041148, U01DA041093, U01DA041089, U24DA041123, U24DA041147. A full list of supporters is available at [https://abcdstudy.org/federal-partners.html](https:/abcdstudy.org/federal-partners.html). A listing of participating sites and a complete listing of the study investigators can be found at [https://abcdstudy.org/consortium\_members/](https:/abcdstudy.org/consortium_members). ABCD consortium investigators designed and implemented the study and/or provided data but did not necessarily participate in the analysis or writing of this report. This manuscript reflects the views of the authors and may not reflect the opinions or views of the NIH or ABCD consortium investigators.

Not applicable.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 29 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 16 authors, 4 keywords, 1 funder, 52 references.

Cite

This paper

Bonke, E. M., Cetin-Karayumak, S., Zhang, F., Tripodis, Y., Seer, C., Frey, M., Betz, A. K., Rojczyk, P., Zekelman, L. R., Seitz-Holland, J., Pieper, S., Schulte-Koerne, G., Shenton, M. E., O’Donnell, L. J., Rathi, Y., & Koerte, I. K. (2026). The association between motor coordination, behavior, cognition and brain structure in children: an ABCD study. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 35(6), 1983-1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02931-2

BibTeX

@article{bonke2026association,
author = {Bonke, Elena M and Cetin-Karayumak, Suheyla and Zhang, Fan and Tripodis, Yorghos and Seer, Caroline and Frey, Michael and Betz, Anja K and Rojczyk, Philine and Zekelman, Leo R and Seitz-Holland, Johanna and Pieper, Steve and Schulte-Koerne, Gerd and Shenton, Martha E and O’Donnell, Lauren J and Rathi, Yogesh and Koerte, Inga K},
title = {{The association between motor coordination, behavior, cognition and brain structure in children: an ABCD study}},
journal = {European child \& adolescent psychiatry},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {35},
number = {6},
pages = {1983--1995},
publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media},
issn = {1018-8827},
doi = {10.1007/s00787-025-02931-2},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02931-2},
pmid = {41940926},
pmcid = {PMC13337589}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Bonke, Elena M
AU - Cetin-Karayumak, Suheyla
AU - Zhang, Fan
AU - Tripodis, Yorghos
AU - Seer, Caroline
AU - Frey, Michael
AU - Betz, Anja K
AU - Rojczyk, Philine
AU - Zekelman, Leo R
AU - Seitz-Holland, Johanna
AU - Pieper, Steve
AU - Schulte-Koerne, Gerd
AU - Shenton, Martha E
AU - O’Donnell, Lauren J
AU - Rathi, Yogesh
AU - Koerte, Inga K
TI - The association between motor coordination, behavior, cognition and brain structure in children: an ABCD study
T2 - European child & adolescent psychiatry
J2 - Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/06
VL - 35
IS - 6
SP - 1983
EP - 1995
SN - 1018-8827
PB - Springer Science+Business Media
DO - 10.1007/s00787-025-02931-2
UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02931-2
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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