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Sex-specific division of labor in termites is linked to differential brain architecture and foraging gene expression.

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Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

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The authors' code

Shell · 18 lines · 440 B · no license

  1. #!/bin/bash
  3. # Path to the genome .fasta file
  4. GENOME_PATH="../genomes/Selected_species/reference_genome.fa"
  6. # Directory where the index will be created
  7. REF_DIR="../genomes/Selected_species/index_bbmap"
  9. # Create the reference directory if it doesn't exist
  10. mkdir -p "$REF_DIR"
  12. # Copy the genome to the directory and enter it
  13. cp "$GENOME_PATH" "$REF_DIR/genome.fasta"
  14. cd "$REF_DIR"
  16. # Index the genome with BBMap
  17. bbmap.sh ref=genome.fasta

01_bbmap_index.sh at commit 1bff42c, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Iago Bueno da Silva1,2, Arthur Roque Justino3, Jaqueline Eterna Batista1, Lohan Valadares2, Klaus Hartfelder3,4, Fabio Santos do Nascimento1
ORCID iDs: Iago Bueno da Silva, Arthur Roque Justino, Jaqueline Eterna Batista, Lohan Valadares, Klaus Hartfelder, Fabio Santos do Nascimento
  1. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 – Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
  2. Evolution, Genomes, Behavior, and Ecology (EGCE), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, 12 route 128, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
  3. Departamento de Biologia Celular, Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 – Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
  4. Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 – Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
Institutions: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France); Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil); Université Paris-Saclay (France); Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, Écologie (France); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France)
Journal: iScience, volume 29, issue 4, article 115278
Dates: received 29 October 2025; accepted 4 March 2026; published online 7 March 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115278 · PMID 41907398 · PMCID PMC13019503 · OpenAlex W7134196523
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Machine learning, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: biological sciences, entomology, neurogenetics
Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior (Genetics, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (I.B.S.: 24/02356-1, F.S.N.: 21/05598-8, A.R.J.: 24/06229-4); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (K.H.: CNPq 302209/092843); Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 116 references in the paper
Research resources: Goat anti-mouse IgG, Alexa Fluor 594 RRID:AB_2534091, RRID:AB_528479, R v4.4.1 RRID:SCR_001905, ImageJ (v. 1.53e) RRID:SCR_003070, Amira (v5.3.3) RRID:SCR_007353, RRID:SCR_015008, Kallisto RRID:SCR_016582, Sleuth RRID:SCR_016883, BBMap RRID:SCR_016965

Abstract

Division of labor in social insects is a key factor contributing to their ecological success, often relying on individual’s age and body size. In termites, it also extends to sexually dimorphic groups; however, the underlying neural and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We investigated the relationship between sex-specific division of labor, brain architecture, and expression of the foraging (for) gene in workers of the termite Syntermes dirus. Behavioral assays revealed a striking sex-based division of labor, with male workers acting as foragers and female workers as builders. Consistent with the cognitive demands of foraging, male workers exhibited a larger brain central complex, a sensory center associated with orientation and navigation. Moreover, relative for expression is higher in male workers than in females and soldiers. Finally, we revisited for gene expression in workers and soldiers of different termite species, suggesting species-dependent effects on foraging. Our findings represent a first step toward elucidating how structural and functional brain changes underlie sex-specific division of labor in termites.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

aroquej/foraging_project_termites

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 30 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 1bff42c5e7a3a19a327804942e97e250a62de228, 1 October 2025
Languages: Shell (8), R (5)
Size: 69 files, 13 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data and code availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: cowplot (5 files), tidyverse (5 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers
  • 30 September 2026: the link answers
13 files
At the source: github.com/aroquej/foraging_project_termites

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 13 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

Datasets cited

Data and code availability

• Data supporting the results are shown in the Supplementary material (Tables S1 and S2, and Videos S1 and S2) and deposited on Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18310697. Partial sequences of Sdforaging and SdRpl32 are deposited in NCBI, GenBank: PV254826, PV254827. • This study did not generate new codes. The codes employed for the analyses of public transcriptomes are available on GitHub: https://github.com/aroquej/foraging_project_termites. • Any additional information is available from the lead contact upon request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 6 authors, 3 keywords, 3 funders, 82 references, 9 RRIDs.

Cite

This paper

da Silva, I. B., Justino, A. R., Batista, J. E., Valadares, L., Hartfelder, K., & Nascimento, F. S. d. (2026). Sex-specific division of labor in termites is linked to differential brain architecture and foraging gene expression. iScience, 29(4), 115278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115278

BibTeX

@article{dasilva2026sex,
author = {da Silva, Iago Bueno and Justino, Arthur Roque and Batista, Jaqueline Eterna and Valadares, Lohan and Hartfelder, Klaus and Nascimento, Fabio Santos do},
title = {{Sex-specific division of labor in termites is linked to differential brain architecture and foraging gene expression}},
journal = {iScience},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {115278},
publisher = {Elsevier},
issn = {2589-0042},
doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2026.115278},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115278},
pmid = {41907398},
pmcid = {PMC13019503}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - da Silva, Iago Bueno
AU - Justino, Arthur Roque
AU - Batista, Jaqueline Eterna
AU - Valadares, Lohan
AU - Hartfelder, Klaus
AU - Nascimento, Fabio Santos do
TI - Sex-specific division of labor in termites is linked to differential brain architecture and foraging gene expression
T2 - iScience
J2 - iScience
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/03/07
VL - 29
IS - 4
SP - 115278
SN - 2589-0042
PB - Elsevier
DO - 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115278
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115278
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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