Complementary δ2-protocadherin expression delineates parallel basal ganglia circuits in primates.

Overview

Authors: Naosuke Hoshina^1,2, Miyuki Hoshina^1,2, Tadashi Yamamoto², Masahiko Takada³

Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan

Institutions: Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (Japan); Waseda University (Japan); Institute for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University (Japan)

Journal: iScience, volume 29, issue 7, article 116598

Dates: received 3 December 2025; accepted 11 June 2026; published online 4 July 2026

Type: Research article · Language: English

License: CC BY-NC

Identifiers: DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2026.116598 · PMID 42491605 · PMCID PMC13378149 · OpenAlex W7167342043

Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)

Status: code on request

Categories: non-human primate (organism), systems (subfield)

Keywords: basal ganglia, striatum, pallidum, parallel circuits, protocadherin, molecular code, macaque

Topic: Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms (Developmental Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex

Funding: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP24K02133, JP26430046); Brain Science Foundation Inc; The Uehara Memorial Foundation; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology; Takeda Science Foundation; Naito Foundation; Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders

Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 60 references in the paper

Research resources: Avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex kit RRID:AB_2336819, RRID:AB_2340593, Clustal Omega RRID:SCR_001591, Adobe Illustrator RRID:SCR_010279, Adobe Photoshop RRID:SCR_014199, BZ-9000 Fluorescence Microscope RRID:SCR_015486, BZ Analyzer Software RRID:SCR_017205

Abstract

The basal ganglia (BG) form anatomically and functionally segregated yet integrative parallel circuits, but the molecular mechanisms specifying them remain unclear. We immunohistochemically mapped the expression of three δ2-protocadherin (δ2-PCDH) cell adhesion molecules—PCDH10, PCDH17, and PCDH19—in the BG of macaques. Within the striatum, each PCDH exhibited regional gradients of expression along the rostro-caudal and ventromedial-dorsolateral axes. The three PCDHs showed complementary distributions that continuously delineated molecular boundaries corresponding to functional subdivisions in a graded fashion. Such complementary distributions were also observed in the BG output nuclei. Given that neurons expressing the same δ2-PCDH in distinct BG structures preferentially connect with each other, the three δ2-PCDH expression patterns could define functional territories within parallel BG circuits. Together, the complementary expression of PCDH10, PCDH17, and PCDH19 broadly aligns with the distinct BG circuits, respectively, suggesting molecular codes underlying the segregated yet integrative parallel organization of the primate BG.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY-NC), from the paper cited above.

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Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY-NC), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 2, 28 September 2026

Authors: added Naosuke Hoshina (0000-0003-2575-1356); removed Naosuke Hoshina

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 4 authors, 7 keywords, 7 funders, 60 references, 7 RRIDs.

Cite

This paper

Hoshina, N., Hoshina, M., Yamamoto, T., & Takada, M. (2026). Complementary δ2-protocadherin expression delineates parallel basal ganglia circuits in primates. iScience, 29(7), 116598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.116598

BibTeX

@article{hoshina2026complementary, author = {Hoshina, Naosuke and Hoshina, Miyuki and Yamamoto, Tadashi and Takada, Masahiko}, title = {{Complementary δ2-protocadherin expression delineates parallel basal ganglia circuits in primates}}, journal = {iScience}, year = {2026}, month = jul, volume = {29}, number = {7}, pages = {116598}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {2589-0042}, doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2026.116598}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.116598}, pmid = {42491605}, pmcid = {PMC13378149} }

RIS

TY - JOUR AU - Hoshina, Naosuke AU - Hoshina, Miyuki AU - Yamamoto, Tadashi AU - Takada, Masahiko TI - Complementary δ2-protocadherin expression delineates parallel basal ganglia circuits in primates T2 - iScience J2 - iScience PY - 2026 DA - 2026/07/04 VL - 29 IS - 7 SP - 116598 SN - 2589-0042 PB - Elsevier DO - 10.1016/j.isci.2026.116598 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.116598 LA - en ER -

CSL-JSON

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