Linalool enables reversible immobilization for high-resolution <i>in vivo</i> imaging during regeneration in <i>Schmidtea mediterranea</i>.

Overview

1. Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences at Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium

Abstract

Live imaging in whole-organism models is often limited in both resolution and repeatability by the lack of relatively non-invasive, reversible immobilization methods. To enable real-time in vivo imaging in the highly regenerative planarian S. mediterranea, we systematically evaluated linalool as a sedation strategy. We identified 2.16 mM linalool as an effective concentration that induces rapid, reversible immobilization without compromising survival or causing detectable stress phenotypes. Acute exposure before amputation or repeated daily exposures during regeneration did not impair blastema growth, stem cell proliferation, or gross brain morphology, demonstrating compatibility with regeneration studies under imaging-relevant conditions. In contrast, continuous exposure throughout regeneration induced stress phenotypes and impaired regenerative outcomes. Together, our findings define operational exposure windows for linalool, establishing a robust, regeneration-compatible immobilization strategy that enables stable, high-resolution imaging across biological scales, from whole-organism organization to cellular dynamics, while remaining compatible with fluorescent dyes and allowing full recovery after imaging.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the lead contact upon request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Version 3, 28 September 2026

• Authors: added Martijn Heleven (0000-0003-3812-4554); Karolien Bijnens (0000-0001-7259-3464); removed Martijn Heleven; Karolien Bijnens
• Funding: added European Commission: 101073238; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek: G047921N, I000825N, 11N0825N; Universiteit Hasselt; Vlaamse regering; European Marine Biological Resource Centre Belgium; HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions: 101073238; HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions: 101073238

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 6 authors, 5 keywords, 56 references, 8 RRIDs.

Cite

This paper

Heleven, M., Segnana, C., Kauffmann, B., Trippaers, R., Bijnens, K., & Smeets, K. (2026). Linalool enables reversible immobilization for high-resolution <i>in vivo</i> imaging during regeneration in <i>Schmidtea mediterranea</i>. iScience, 29(9), 117282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.117282

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