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Semantic encoding of trauma memories in the hippocampus among individuals with PTSD.

Code ↔ Paper

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The 1 match
  1. [1] § Methods › Semantic neurocircuitry encoding models ↔ semantic_sentence_embeddings.py, lines 29–39 · score 0.65 · NV Embed V2, sentence transformer, embeddings, model, semantic

Paper

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The authors' code

Python · 60 lines · 1.7 KB · no license · 1 match

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Overview

Authors: Josh M. Cisler1,2, Luna T. Malloy1, Michael Jaeb3, Joseph E. Dunsmoor1,2,4, Zachary N. Stowe3
ORCID iDs: Josh M. Cisler, Joseph E. Dunsmoor
  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin,Austin, TX USA
  2. Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin,Austin, TX USA
  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin at Madison,Madison, WI USA
  4. Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin,Austin, TX USA
Institutions: The University of Texas at Austin (United States); University of Wisconsin–Madison (United States)
Journal: Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, volume 51, issue 9, pages 1690-1698
Dates: received 3 December 2025; accepted 23 March 2026; published online 14 April 2026; in print August 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41386-026-02402-5 · PMID 41981270 · PMCID PMC13388956 · OpenAlex W7154216326
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: human (organism), other condition (population)
Methods: Statistics, Machine learning, Connectivity, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: Trauma, Post-traumatic stress disorder
MeSH: Hippocampus*, Memory, Episodic*, Mental Recall*, Semantics*, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic*, Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Young Adult (* major topic)
Topic: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research (Clinical Psychology, Psychology), according to OpenAlex
Citations: cited by 1 paper (Europe PMC); 82 references in the paper

Abstract

The recall of traumatic memories is central to clinical and neurobiological models of PTSD, yet neurocircuitry mechanisms underlying traumatic memory recall remain elusive. Recent advances in natural language processing and large language models enable complex semantic quantification of autobiographical memories. Here, we leveraged these analytic approaches to define the neurocircuitry encoding the semantic content of traumatic autobiographical narratives among individuals with PTSD. 79 women with PTSD related to interpersonal violence listened to traumatic and neutral autobiographical narratives during fMRI. Sentence-level brain activity and semantic embeddings were quantified for each script and participant. Neurocircuitry encoding semantic content of the narratives was defined through cross-validation across participants. A priori regions of interest included the hippocampus, superior temporal gyrus (STG), and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Our approach detected significant hippocampal sensitivity for semantic content of both trauma and neutral narratives; however, spatial encoding patterns of semantic content within the hippocampus differed between trauma and neutral narratives. Specifically, spatial encoding patterns in CA1 and dentate gyrus differentiated narrative type. Regardless of narrative type, PTSD symptom severity was positively associated with semantic encoding across the hippocampus and its subfields, except for the subiculum. For trauma narratives, semantic sensitivity was greater within the left STG and decreased in the PCC and broader default mode network. Encoding in neither region tracked with PTSD symptom severity. These results reveal a hippocampal role in mediating recall of specific semantic content for traumatic and neutral autobiographical narratives and suggest hippocampal sensitivity to autobiographical semantic content underlies greater PTSD symptom severity. Clinical trial registration information: Improving Therapeutic Learning for PTSD, Study Details | NCT04558112 | Improving Therapeutic Learning for PTSD | ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04558112.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

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OSF u5bea

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 29 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Languages: Python (8), MATLAB (4)
Size: 13 files, 12 scripts
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: Matplotlib (8 files), NumPy (8 files), NiBabel (7 files), Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (4 files), Tools for NIfTI and ANALYZE image (MATLAB) (3 files), SciPy (3 files), Parallel Computing Toolbox (2 files), scikit-learn (1 file), UMAP (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
12 files, to read at the source

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At the source:

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

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  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 12 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 1 match between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
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Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

De-identified data and code have been deposited at Open Science Framework and are publicly available as of the date of publication: 10.17605/OSF.IO/U5BEA. Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the lead contact upon request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 29 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 2 keywords, 12 MeSH terms, 76 references.

Cite

This paper

Cisler, J. M., Malloy, L. T., Jaeb, M., Dunsmoor, J. E., & Stowe, Z. N. (2026). Semantic encoding of trauma memories in the hippocampus among individuals with PTSD. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 51(9), 1690-1698. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02402-5

BibTeX

@article{cisler2026semantic,
author = {Cisler, Josh M. and Malloy, Luna T. and Jaeb, Michael and Dunsmoor, Joseph E. and Stowe, Zachary N.},
title = {{Semantic encoding of trauma memories in the hippocampus among individuals with PTSD}},
journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {51},
number = {9},
pages = {1690--1698},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {0893-133X},
doi = {10.1038/s41386-026-02402-5},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02402-5},
pmid = {41981270},
pmcid = {PMC13388956}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Cisler, Josh M.
AU - Malloy, Luna T.
AU - Jaeb, Michael
AU - Dunsmoor, Joseph E.
AU - Stowe, Zachary N.
TI - Semantic encoding of trauma memories in the hippocampus among individuals with PTSD
T2 - Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
J2 - Neuropsychopharmacology
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/14
VL - 51
IS - 9
SP - 1690
EP - 1698
SN - 0893-133X
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41386-026-02402-5
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02402-5
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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