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Altered flow of information in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

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Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 43 lines · 1.5 KB · gpl

  1. % function conditionalentropy(p)
  2. %
  3. % Computes the conditional Shannon entropy over all outcomes x of a random
  4. % variable X, given outcomes y of a random variable Y.
  5. % Probability matrix p(x,y) is given for each candidate outcome
  6. % (x,y).
  7. %
  8. % Inputs:
  9. % - p - 2D probability distribution function over all outcomes (x,y).
  10. % p is a matrix over all combinations of x and y,
  11. % where p(1,3) gives the probability of the first symbol of variable
  12. % x co-occuring with the third symbol of variable y.
  13. % E.g. p = [0.2, 0.3; 0.1, 0.4]. The sum over p must be 1.
  14. %
  15. % Outputs:
  16. % - result - conditional Shannon entropy of X given Y
  17. %
  18. % Copyright (C) 2017, Joseph T. Lizier
  19. % Distributed under GNU General Public License v3
  20. %
  22. function result = conditionalentropy(p)
  24. % Should we check any potential error conditions on the input?
  25. % a. Should we check p is a matrix, not a vector?
  26. % assert(~isvector(p));
  27. % Actually we won't since a vector would be valid if one variable only ever took one value
  28. % b. Check that the probabilities normalise to 1:
  29. % assert(sum(p(:)) == 1);
  30. assert(abs(sum(p(:)) - 1) < 0.0000001); % Will work for any dimensionality, and handles numerical rounding errors
  32. % We need to compute H(X,Y) - H(Y):
  33. % 1. joint entropy:
  34. H_XY = jointentropy(p);
  35. % 2. marginal entropy of Y:
  36. % But how to get p_y???
  37. p_y = sum(p,1); % Since y changes along the columns, summing over the x's (dimension 1 argument in the sum) will just return p(y)
  38. H_Y = entropy(p_y);
  40. result = H_XY - H_Y;
  42. end

conditionalentropy.m at commit 1ca8322, under gpl · at the source

Overview

Authors: Soheil Keshmiri1, Seann Wang2, Bernd Kuhn1
ORCID iDs: Soheil Keshmiri, Seann Wang, Bernd Kuhn
  1. Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
  2. Biological Nonlinear Dynamics Data Science Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
Institutions: Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (Japan)
Journal: Translational psychiatry, volume 16, issue 1, article 327
Dates: received 16 December 2025; accepted 30 April 2026; published online 11 May 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC-ND
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9 · PMID 42115201 · PMCID PMC13328460 · OpenAlex W7160847010
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: human (organism), ADHD (population)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Statistics, Machine learning, Preprocessing, Connectivity, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: Neuroscience, ADHD
MeSH: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity*, Brain*, Nerve Net*, Adolescent, Brain Mapping, Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Visual Cortex (* major topic)
Topic: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Psychiatry and Mental health, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22K11465)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 103 references in the paper

Abstract

The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

jlizier/jidt

License: gpl
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 1ca832235e64ae5b3a482dc0ead6f9b2ff2a0456, 3 August 2026
Languages: Java (318), MATLAB (147), Jupyter (41), Python (25), Shell (18), R (6), C/C++ (5), C (5), CUDA (4), Julia (4), C++ (2)
Size: 799 files, 575 scripts
Software Heritage: archived
Found in: “Code availability”
Holds: README, license file, tests, 60 notebooks
Not found: CITATION.cff, environment file, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: NumPy (48 files), Matplotlib (44 files), Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (5 files), SciPy (5 files), pandas (4 files), PyTorch (3 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers
576 files
At the source: github.com/jlizier/jidt

Code availability statement

The paper has a code availability statement. Its license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow reproducing it here; in short, from what the harvester recognized in it:

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9.

Tracing map

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  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 575 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

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Data availability statement

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  • no repository, dataset or request procedure was recognized in it

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9.

Versions

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Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 3 authors, 2 keywords, 12 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 83 references.

Cite

This paper

Keshmiri, S., Wang, S., & Kuhn, B. (2026). Altered flow of information in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Translational psychiatry, 16(1), 327. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9

BibTeX

@article{keshmiri2026altered,
author = {Keshmiri, Soheil and Wang, Seann and Kuhn, Bernd},
title = {{Altered flow of information in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder}},
journal = {Translational psychiatry},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {327},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2158-3188},
doi = {10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9},
pmid = {42115201},
pmcid = {PMC13328460}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Keshmiri, Soheil
AU - Wang, Seann
AU - Kuhn, Bernd
TI - Altered flow of information in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
T2 - Translational psychiatry
J2 - Transl Psychiatry
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/11
VL - 16
IS - 1
SP - 327
SN - 2158-3188
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"id": "10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Altered flow of information in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder",
"container-title": "Translational psychiatry",
"author": [
{
"family": "Keshmiri",
"given": "Soheil"
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"given": "Seann"
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{
"family": "Kuhn",
"given": "Bernd"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Transl Psychiatry",
"volume": "16",
"issue": "1",
"page": "327",
"DOI": "10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9",
"PMID": "42115201",
"PMCID": "PMC13328460",
"ISSN": "2158-3188",
"publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04080-9",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
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}
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