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Nanoscale organization in the cell membrane dynamically modulates the biophysics of voltage-gated sodium channels.

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 276 lines · 13 KB · MIT

  1. %% set up workspace
  2. clear
  3. clc
  4. working_path = '/Users/maddyammon/Documents/grad school work/sai lab rotation/minflux data/untreated/';
  5. contents = dir([working_path, '*.tif']);
  6. %import pixel size information
  7. file_name = 'untreated.xlsx';
  8. datainfo = readtable([working_path, file_name]);
  9. pixelsize = table2array(datainfo(:,3));
  10. filename = datainfo(:,1);
  11. Folder = pwd;
  12. nbits = 8; % bit depth of input images
  13. cutoff_multiplier = 7; % Clusters with area > median + cutoff_multiplier * std will be discarded
  14. nfiles = length(contents); % # of files
  15. cluster_mass_results = cell(nfiles,1); % Declare array to collect results
  16. cluster_mass_values = [];
  17. cluster_area_results = cell(nfiles,1); % Declare array to collect results
  18. cluster_area_values = [];
  19. cluster_density_results = cell(nfiles,1); % Declare array to collect results
  20. cluster_density_values = [];
  21. max_intensity = 2^nbits - 1;
  22. xmax_mass = 50;% X axis limit for histograms
  23. xmax_area = 10000;
  24. xmax_density = .1;
  25. bin_width = 1; % Bin width for histograms
  26. bin_width_density = .001;
  27. cluster_per_area = zeros(nfiles,1);
  28. %% calculate cluster sizes
  29. for counter1 = 1 : nfiles % Loop through files
  30. fn = contents(counter1).name; % Current file name
  31. cal = pixelsize(counter1); % Current calibration factor (nm)
  32. calibration = cal^2; % Area calibration factor (nm^2)
  33. im1 = imread([working_path, fn]); % Read image
  34. im1 = im1(:, :, 1); % Pull out only the red layer
  35. im1_binary = or(or(logical(im1 == 85), logical(im1 == 170)), logical(im1 == 255)); % Pixels with intensity values of 85, 170, 255 are considered signal-positive.
  36. im1_counts = zeros(size(im1));
  37. im1_counts(im1 == 85) = 1;
  38. im1_counts(im1 == 170) = 2;
  39. im1_counts(im1 == 255) = 3;
  40. cc = bwconncomp(im1_binary); % Perform KNN clustering
  41. nclusters = cc.NumObjects; % # of clusters
  42. pixels = cc.PixelIdxList; % pixel lists for clusters
  43. % Declare array to collect results
  44. cluster_mass = zeros(nclusters, 1); % Cluster Mass - total number of localizations in current clusters
  45. cluster_area = zeros(nclusters, 1); % Cluster Area - number of pixels in cluster * calibration factor
  46. % cluster_density = zeros(nclusters, 1); % Cluster Density - cluster mass normalized to cluster area
  47. for counter2 = 1 : nclusters % Loop through clusters
  48. pixel_values = im1_counts(pixels{counter2}); % Isolate, normalize values of pixels in current clusters
  49. cluster_mass(counter2) = sum(pixel_values); % Calculate mass of current cluster
  50. cluster_area(counter2) = numel(pixel_values) * calibration; % Cluster area
  51. end
  52. cluster_density = cluster_mass ./ cluster_area;
  53. cluster_mass_results{counter1} = cluster_mass; % store current image results in cell array
  54. cluster_mass_values = [cluster_mass_values; cluster_mass]; %#ok<AGROW>
  55. cluster_area_results{counter1} = cluster_area; % store current image results in cell array
  56. cluster_area_values = [cluster_area_values; cluster_area]; %#ok<AGROW>
  57. cluster_density_results{counter1} = cluster_density; % store current image results in cell array
  58. cluster_density_values = [cluster_density_values; cluster_density]; %#ok<AGROW>
  59. end
  60. % Remove statistical outliers
  61. cutoff_mass = median(cluster_mass_values) + cutoff_multiplier * std(cluster_mass_values); % Max acceptable cluster mass
  62. cutoff_area = median(cluster_area_values) + cutoff_multiplier * std(cluster_area_values); % Max acceptable cluster mass
  63. cutoff_density = median(cluster_density_values) + cutoff_multiplier * std(cluster_density_values); % Max acceptable cluster mass
  64. to_include_mass = logical(cluster_mass_values <= cutoff_mass);
  65. to_include_area = logical(cluster_area_values <= cutoff_area);
  66. to_include_density = logical(cluster_density_values <= cutoff_density);
  67. cluster_mass_values = cluster_mass_values(to_include_mass); % Remove outliers from master list
  68. cluster_area_values = cluster_area_values(to_include_area); % Remove outliers from master list
  69. cluster_density_values = cluster_density_values(to_include_density); % Remove outliers from master list
  70. % set up histogram bins
  71. bin_edges_mass = 0 : bin_width : xmax_mass;
  72. bin_edges_area = 0 : bin_width : xmax_area;
  73. bin_edges_density = 0 : bin_width_density : xmax_density;
  74. [bin_counts_mass, bin_edges_mass] = histcounts(cluster_mass_values, bin_edges_mass, 'Normalization','cdf');
  75. [bin_counts_area, bin_edges_area] = histcounts(cluster_area_values, bin_edges_area, 'Normalization','cdf');
  76. [bin_counts_density, bin_edges_density] = histcounts(cluster_density_values, bin_edges_density, 'Normalization','cdf');
  77. bin_centers_mass = bin_edges_mass(1 : end-1) + bin_width/2;
  78. bin_centers_area = bin_edges_area(1 : end-1) + bin_width/2;
  79. bin_centers_density = bin_edges_density(1 : end-1) + bin_width_density/2;
  80. %% cdf plots
  81. figure(1)
  82. subplot(3,1,1)
  83. plot(bin_centers_mass, bin_counts_mass)
  84. set(gca, 'xlim', [0 xmax_mass])
  85. xlabel('Cluster Mass [# localizations]')
  86. ylabel('Cumulative Probability [0-1]')
  87. title('Cluster Mass');
  88. subplot(3,1,2)
  89. plot(bin_centers_area, bin_counts_area)
  90. set(gca, 'xlim', [0 xmax_area])
  91. xlabel('Cluster Area [nm^2]')
  92. ylabel('Cumulative Probability [0-1]')
  93. title('Cluster Area');
  94. subplot(3,1,3)
  95. plot(bin_centers_density, bin_counts_density)
  96. set(gca, 'xlim', [0 xmax_density])
  97. xlabel('Cluster Density [# localizations / nm^2]')
  98. ylabel('Cumulative Probability [0-1]')
  99. title('Cluster Density');
  100. exportgraphics(gcf, 'cluster_mass_CDF.pdf', 'ContentType','vector');
  101. %% running k-means for mass (k=2)
  102. idxk2 = kmeans(cluster_mass_values, 2); %run k-means and get a vector of values
  103. indexk2_1 = logical(idxk2==1); %find all of the group 1 indices
  104. indexk2_2 = logical(idxk2==2); %find all of the group 2 indices
  105. [bin_counts_mass_all, ~] = histcounts(cluster_mass_values, bin_edges_mass, 'Normalization','cdf');
  106. k1_max_val = max(cluster_mass_values(indexk2_1)); % Max cluster mass in k_1 group
  107. k2_max_val = max(cluster_mass_values(indexk2_2)); % Max cluster mass in k_2 group
  108. x_axis_breaks = sort([k1_max_val, k2_max_val]);
  109. x_axis_break_k1 = find(bin_centers_mass <= x_axis_breaks(1), 1, 'last');
  110. % x_axis_break_k2 = find(bin_centers_mass <= x_axis_breaks(2), 1, 'last');
  111. %plot histogram for k means
  112. figure(2)
  113. histogram(cluster_mass_values(indexk2_1), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_mass);
  114. hold on;
  115. histogram(cluster_mass_values(indexk2_2), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_mass);
  116. title('Cluster Mass, Kmeans(k = 2)')
  117. xlabel('Cluster Mass [# localizations]')
  118. hold off;
  119. exportgraphics(gcf, 'cluster_mass_histogram.pdf', 'ContentType','vector');
  120. figure(3)
  121. plot(bin_centers_mass(1 : x_axis_break_k1), bin_counts_mass_all(1 : x_axis_break_k1), '-ok')
  122. hold on
  123. plot(bin_centers_mass(x_axis_break_k1 : end), bin_counts_mass_all(x_axis_break_k1 : end), '-or')
  124. hold off
  125. title('Cluster Mass, Kmeans(k = 2)')
  126. xlabel('Cluster Mass [# localizations]')
  127. ylabel('Cumulative Probability [0-1]')
  128. exportgraphics(gcf, 'cluster_mass_CDF_k_means_k2.pdf', 'ContentType','vector');
  129. %% running k-means for mass (k=3)
  130. idxk3 = kmeans(cluster_mass_values, 3);
  131. indexk3_1 = logical(idxk3==1); %find all of the group 1 indices
  132. indexk3_2 = logical(idxk3==2); %find all of the group 2 indices
  133. indexk3_3 = logical(idxk3==3); %find all of the group 3 indices
  134. [bin_counts_mass_all, ~] = histcounts(cluster_mass_values, bin_edges_mass, 'Normalization','cdf');
  135. k1_max_val = max(cluster_mass_values(indexk3_1)); % Max cluster mass in k_1 group
  136. k2_max_val = max(cluster_mass_values(indexk3_2)); % Max cluster mass in k_2 group
  137. k3_max_val = max(cluster_mass_values(indexk3_3)); % Max cluster mass in k_3 group
  138. x_axis_breaks = sort([k1_max_val, k2_max_val, k3_max_val]);
  139. x_axis_break_k1 = find(bin_centers_mass <= x_axis_breaks(1), 1, 'last');
  140. x_axis_break_k2 = find(bin_centers_mass <= x_axis_breaks(2), 1, 'last');
  141. %plot histogram for k means
  142. figure(4)
  143. histogram(cluster_mass_values(indexk3_1), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_mass);
  144. hold on;
  145. histogram(cluster_mass_values(indexk3_2), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_mass);
  146. histogram(cluster_mass_values(indexk3_3), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_mass);
  147. title('Cluster Mass, Kmeans(k = 3)')
  148. xlabel('Cluster Mass [# localizations]')
  149. hold off;
  150. exportgraphics(gcf, 'cluster_mass_histogram_kmeans_k3.pdf', 'ContentType','vector');
  151. figure(5)
  152. plot(bin_centers_mass(1 : x_axis_break_k1), bin_counts_mass_all(1 : x_axis_break_k1), '-ok')
  153. hold on
  154. plot(bin_centers_mass(x_axis_break_k1 : x_axis_break_k2), bin_counts_mass_all(x_axis_break_k1 : x_axis_break_k2), '-or')
  155. plot(bin_centers_mass(x_axis_break_k2 : end), bin_counts_mass_all(x_axis_break_k2 : end), '-om')
  156. hold off
  157. title('Cluster Mass, Kmeans(k = 3)')
  158. xlabel('Cluster Mass [# localizations]')
  159. ylabel('Cumulative Probability [0-1]')
  160. exportgraphics(gcf, 'cluster_mass_CDF_kmeans_k3.pdf', 'ContentType','vector');
  161. %% running k-means for density (k=2)
  162. idxk2_density = kmeans(cluster_density_values, 2); %run k-means and get a vector of values
  163. indexk2_density_1 = logical(idxk2_density==1); %find all of the group 1 indices
  164. indexk2_density_2 = logical(idxk2_density==2); %find all of the group 2 indices
  165. [bin_counts_density_all, ~] = histcounts(cluster_density_values, bin_edges_density, 'Normalization','cdf');
  166. k1_density_max_val = max(cluster_density_values(indexk2_density_1)); % Max cluster density in k_1 group
  167. k2_density_max_val = max(cluster_density_values(indexk2_density_2)); % Max cluster density in k_2 group
  168. x_axis_breaks_density = sort([k1_density_max_val, k2_density_max_val]);
  169. x_axis_break_k1_density = find(bin_centers_density <= x_axis_breaks_density(1), 1, 'last');
  170. %plot histogram for k means
  171. figure(6)
  172. histogram(cluster_density_values(indexk2_density_1), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_mass);
  173. hold on;
  174. histogram(cluster_density_values(indexk2_density_2), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_mass);
  175. title('Cluster Density, Kmeans(k = 2)')
  176. xlabel('Cluster Density [# localizations / nm^2]')
  177. hold off;
  178. exportgraphics(gcf, 'cluster_density_histogram_kmeans_k2.pdf', 'ContentType','vector');
  179. figure(7)
  180. plot(bin_centers_density(1 : x_axis_break_k1_density), bin_counts_density_all(1 : x_axis_break_k1_density), '-ok')
  181. hold on
  182. plot(bin_centers_density(x_axis_break_k1_density : end), bin_counts_density_all(x_axis_break_k1_density : end), '-or')
  183. hold off
  184. title('Cluster Density, Kmeans(k = 2)')
  185. xlabel('Cluster Density [# localizations / nm^2]')
  186. ylabel('Cumulative Probability [0-1]')
  187. exportgraphics(gcf, 'cluster_density_CDF_kmeans_k2.pdf', 'ContentType','vector');
  188. %% running k-means for density (k=3)
  189. idxk3_density = kmeans(cluster_density_values, 3);
  190. indexk3_density_1 = logical(idxk3_density==1); %find all of the group 1 indices
  191. indexk3_density_2 = logical(idxk3_density==2); %find all of the group 2 indices
  192. indexk3_density_3 = logical(idxk3_density==3); %find all of the group 3 indices
  193. [bin_counts_density_all, ~] = histcounts(cluster_density_values, bin_edges_density, 'Normalization','cdf');
  194. k1_density_max_val = max(cluster_density_values(indexk3_density_1)); % Max cluster mass in k_1 group
  195. k2_density_max_val = max(cluster_density_values(indexk3_density_2)); % Max cluster mass in k_2 group
  196. k3_density_max_val = max(cluster_density_values(indexk3_density_3)); % Max cluster mass in k_3 group
  197. x_axis_breaks_density = sort([k1_density_max_val, k2_density_max_val, k3_density_max_val]);
  198. x_axis_break_k1_density = find(bin_centers_density <= x_axis_breaks_density(1), 1, 'last');
  199. x_axis_break_k2_density = find(bin_centers_density <= x_axis_breaks_density(2), 1, 'last');
  200. %plot histogram for k means
  201. figure(8)
  202. histogram(cluster_density_values(indexk3_density_1), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_density);
  203. hold on;
  204. histogram(cluster_density_values(indexk3_density_2), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_density);
  205. histogram(cluster_density_values(indexk3_density_3), 'BinEdges', bin_edges_density);
  206. title('Cluster Density, Kmeans(k = 3)')
  207. xlabel('Cluster Density [# localizations / nm^2]')
  208. hold off;
  209. exportgraphics(gcf, 'cluster_density_histogram_kmeans_k3.pdf', 'ContentType','vector');
  210. figure(9)
  211. plot(bin_centers_density(1 : x_axis_break_k1_density), bin_counts_density_all(1 : x_axis_break_k1_density), '-ok')
  212. hold on
  213. plot(bin_centers_density(x_axis_break_k1_density : x_axis_break_k2_density), bin_counts_density_all(x_axis_break_k1_density : x_axis_break_k2_density), '-or')
  214. plot(bin_centers_density(x_axis_break_k2_density : end), bin_counts_density_all(x_axis_break_k2_density : end), '-om')
  215. hold off
  216. title('Cluster Density, Kmeans(k = 3)')
  217. xlabel('Cluster Density [# localizations / nm^2]')
  218. ylabel('Cumulative Probability [0-1]')
  219. exportgraphics(gcf, 'cluster_density_CDF_kmeans_k3.pdf', 'ContentType','vector');
  220. %% save results
  221. save('results.mat', "cluster_mass_results", "cluster_mass_values", "cutoff_mass",...
  222. "cluster_area_results", "cluster_area_values", "cluster_density_results", "cutoff_area",...
  223. "cluster_density_values", "cutoff_density");
  224. save('clusterPerArea.mat', "cluster_per_area");

cluster analysis MINFLUX.m, under MIT · at the source

Overview

Authors: Mikhail Tarasov1,2, Madison Ammon1,3, Jan Otto Wirth4, Christopher Hampton1,3, Zoja Selimi1,2, Rengasayee Veeraraghavan1,3, Przemysław B Radwański1,2
  1. The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA
  2. Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
  4. Abberior Instruments GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
Institutions: The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (United States); The Ohio State University (United States)
Journal: Nature communications, volume 17, issue 1, article 6218
Dates: received 9 June 2025; accepted 14 April 2026; published online 8 May 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC-ND
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8 · PMID 42098094 · PMCID PMC13369509 · OpenAlex W7160556730
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: human (organism), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Evoked potentials, Machine learning, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: Cardiovascular biology, Ion channels, Ion channels in the nervous system, Permeation and transport, Single-channel recording
MeSH: Cell Membrane*, Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels*, Animals, Biophysical Phenomena, Biophysics, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Ion Channel Gating, Membrane Potentials, Sodium (* major topic)
Topic: Ion channel regulation and function (Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology), according to OpenAlex
Funding: NHLBI NIH HHS (R01 HL165751, R01 HL155378); U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (R01HL165751); NINDS NIH HHS (R01 NS121234); U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL165751)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 105 references in the paper

Abstract

The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

Zenodo 18499384

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Code availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
3 files
At the source:

tarasov4/analysis-and-modeling-of-voltage-gated-sodium-channels-clusters

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: b289712fbd948d2c56b2ee5e24ddf52bc4f5da82, 5 February 2026
Languages: MATLAB (1)
Size: 11 files, 1 script
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the Zenodo archive record
Holds: README, license file
Not found: CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers
3 files

Code availability statement

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  • it points to the authors' code: Zenodo 18499384

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 2 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

Datasets cited

Code and data availability statement

The paper has a code and data availability statement. Its license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow reproducing it here; in short, from what the harvester recognized in it:

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8.

Versions

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Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 7 authors, 5 keywords, 10 MeSH terms, 4 funders, 97 references.

Cite

This paper

Tarasov, M., Ammon, M., Wirth, J. O., Hampton, C., Selimi, Z., Veeraraghavan, R., & Radwański, P. B. (2026). Nanoscale organization in the cell membrane dynamically modulates the biophysics of voltage-gated sodium channels. Nature communications, 17(1), 6218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8

BibTeX

@article{tarasov2026nanoscale,
author = {Tarasov, Mikhail and Ammon, Madison and Wirth, Jan Otto and Hampton, Christopher and Selimi, Zoja and Veeraraghavan, Rengasayee and Radwański, Przemysław B},
title = {{Nanoscale organization in the cell membrane dynamically modulates the biophysics of voltage-gated sodium channels}},
journal = {Nature communications},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {6218},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2041-1723},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8},
pmid = {42098094},
pmcid = {PMC13369509}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Tarasov, Mikhail
AU - Ammon, Madison
AU - Wirth, Jan Otto
AU - Hampton, Christopher
AU - Selimi, Zoja
AU - Veeraraghavan, Rengasayee
AU - Radwański, Przemysław B
TI - Nanoscale organization in the cell membrane dynamically modulates the biophysics of voltage-gated sodium channels
T2 - Nature communications
J2 - Nat Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/08
VL - 17
IS - 1
SP - 6218
SN - 2041-1723
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Nanoscale organization in the cell membrane dynamically modulates the biophysics of voltage-gated sodium channels",
"container-title": "Nature communications",
"author": [
{
"family": "Tarasov",
"given": "Mikhail"
},
{
"family": "Ammon",
"given": "Madison"
},
{
"family": "Wirth",
"given": "Jan Otto"
},
{
"family": "Hampton",
"given": "Christopher"
},
{
"family": "Selimi",
"given": "Zoja"
},
{
"family": "Veeraraghavan",
"given": "Rengasayee"
},
{
"family": "Radwański",
"given": "Przemysław B"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Nat Commun",
"volume": "17",
"issue": "1",
"page": "6218",
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8",
"PMID": "42098094",
"PMCID": "PMC13369509",
"ISSN": "2041-1723",
"publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72387-8",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
5,
8
]
]
}
}

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