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Learning reorganizes dendritic and stabilizes axon initial segment inhibitory synapses in CA1 pyramidal neurons.

Overview

Authors: Hannah Klimmt1,2, Felix Kuhn1, David Kappel3, Bhargavi Murthy1,4, Alessandro Francesco Ulivi1, Ali Öztürk Argunşah5, Silvia Vieweg1, Rosa Eva Huettl6, Stefan Remy1,7,8, Alessio Attardo1,7
ORCID iDs: Hannah Klimmt, David Kappel, Ali Öztürk Argunşah, Rosa Eva Huettl, Stefan Remy, Alessio Attardo
  1. Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
  2. International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
  3. Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  4. Graduate School for Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
  5. Brain Research Institute (HiFo), University of Zurich and Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  6. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
  7. German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg and Center for Behavioral Brain Science (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
  8. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
Institutions: Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (Germany); Bielefeld University (Germany); Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Germany); University of Zurich (Switzerland); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Germany); Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (Germany); Deutsches Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit (Germany)
Journal: Nature communications, volume 17, issue 1, article 9791
Dates: received 24 March 2025; accepted 4 September 2026; published online 14 September 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-77800-w · PMID 42736304 · PMCID PMC13575122 · OpenAlex W7212483581
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code found, still to be checked (how the code is found and verified)
Categories: behavior only (modality), mouse (organism), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Machine learning, Evoked potentials, Statistics, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: Fear conditioning, Cellular neuroscience, Synaptic plasticity
MeSH: Axon Initial Segment*, Axons*, CA1 Region, Hippocampal*, Dendrites*, Learning*, Pyramidal Cells*, Synapses*, Animals, Fear, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neuronal Plasticity (* major topic)
Topic: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research (Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) (AT 205/9-1)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 110 references in the paper

Abstract

Structural synaptic plasticity underlies the changes in brain connectivity required for learning and memory. Inhibitory synapses target all subcellular domains of excitatory pyramidal neurons, including dendrites, somata and axon initial segments. These subcellular domains have distinct molecular, structural and physiological profiles which underlie their functions. How structural plasticity of inhibitory synapses supports these functions as well as emerging properties such as memory is largely unknown. To tackle these questions we tracked inhibitory synapses on basal dendrites, somata and axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 area of mice over two weeks. Size and temporal dynamics of inhibitory synapses showed a strong compartmentalization. Trace fear conditioning led to reorganization of dendritic and to stabilization of axon initial segments’ inhibitory synapses. Finally, mathematical modelling allowed us to probe the mechanisms underlying stabilization of inhibitory synapses upon learning.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

No file of the authors' code could be read here: it is described below, and read at its source.

codeocean:9762429

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: cannot be verified, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: found in the paper
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Code availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: cannot be verified
  • 26 September 2026: cannot be verified
At the source:

Code availability

The code has been uploaded into Code Ocean (DOI link: 10.24433/CO.9762429.v1) and, additionally, will be made available upon request. Points of contact for code availability are: Felix Kuhn and David Kappel.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Tracing map

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Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

Source data are provided with this paper as Excel document containing all numerical values needed to generate each plot or table. Due to the size of the raw images, they will be provided without restriction upon request. Point of contact for data availability is Alessio Attardo. Source data are provided with this paper.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 10 authors, 3 keywords, 13 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 110 references.

Cite

This paper

Klimmt, H., Kuhn, F., Kappel, D., Murthy, B., Ulivi, A. F., Argunşah, A. Ö., Vieweg, S., Huettl, R. E., Remy, S., & Attardo, A. (2026). Learning reorganizes dendritic and stabilizes axon initial segment inhibitory synapses in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Nature communications, 17(1), 9791. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77800-w

BibTeX

@article{klimmt2026learning,
author = {Klimmt, Hannah and Kuhn, Felix and Kappel, David and Murthy, Bhargavi and Ulivi, Alessandro Francesco and Argunşah, Ali Öztürk and Vieweg, Silvia and Huettl, Rosa Eva and Remy, Stefan and Attardo, Alessio},
title = {{Learning reorganizes dendritic and stabilizes axon initial segment inhibitory synapses in CA1 pyramidal neurons}},
journal = {Nature communications},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {9791},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2041-1723},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-77800-w},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77800-w},
pmid = {42736304},
pmcid = {PMC13575122}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Klimmt, Hannah
AU - Kuhn, Felix
AU - Kappel, David
AU - Murthy, Bhargavi
AU - Ulivi, Alessandro Francesco
AU - Argunşah, Ali Öztürk
AU - Vieweg, Silvia
AU - Huettl, Rosa Eva
AU - Remy, Stefan
AU - Attardo, Alessio
TI - Learning reorganizes dendritic and stabilizes axon initial segment inhibitory synapses in CA1 pyramidal neurons
T2 - Nature communications
J2 - Nat Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/14
VL - 17
IS - 1
SP - 9791
SN - 2041-1723
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41467-026-77800-w
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77800-w
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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