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An ensemble of deep learning models with falcon optimization assisted diabetic retinopathy diagnosis on retinal fundus images.

Overview

Authors: Indresh Kumar Gupta1,2, Shruti Patil3,4, Ketan Kotecha3,4, Swati Srivastava5, Ahmed Farouk6, Joel J P C Rodrigues2,7
  1. Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, UP India
  2. COPELABS, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
  3. Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune, Maharashtra India
  4. Symbiosis Centre for Applied Artificial Intelligence, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune, Maharashtra India
  5. GLA University, Mathura, UP India
  6. Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Hurghada University, Hurghada, Egypt
  7. Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI Brazil
Institutions: Universidade Lusófona (Portugal); Symbiosis International University (India); GLA University (India); Universidade Federal do Piauí (Brazil)
Journal: Scientific reports, volume 16, issue 1, article 27138
Dates: received 7 March 2025; accepted 8 July 2025; published online 14 June 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC-ND
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-11075-x · PMID 42289410 · PMCID PMC13527092 · OpenAlex W7164738169
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: dead link
Categories: other (modality), human (organism), other condition (population), clinical / translational (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Machine learning
Keywords: Deep belief network, Retinal fundus image, Autoencoder, Diabetic retinopathy, Falcon optimizer, Diseases, Medical research
MeSH: Deep Learning*, Diabetic Retinopathy*, Fundus Oculi*, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted*, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted*, Retina*, Algorithms, Convolutional Neural Networks, Ensemble Learning, Humans (* major topic)
Topic: Retinal Imaging and Analysis (Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Symbiosis International
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 27 references in the paper

Abstract

The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.

Code

No file of the authors' code could be read here: it is described below, and read at its source.

kaggle.com/competitions/diabetic-retinopathy-detection

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link is dead, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: found in the paper
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link is dead (HTTP 404)
  • 27 September 2026: the link is dead (HTTP 404)
At the source: kaggle.com/competitions/diabetic-retinopathy-detection/data

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 0 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability statement

The paper has a data availability statement. Its license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow reproducing it here; in short, from what the harvester recognized in it:

  • no repository, dataset or request procedure was recognized in it

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11075-x.

Versions

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 6 authors, 7 keywords, 10 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 7 references.

Cite

This paper

Gupta, I. K., Patil, S., Kotecha, K., Srivastava, S., Farouk, A., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2026). An ensemble of deep learning models with falcon optimization assisted diabetic retinopathy diagnosis on retinal fundus images. Scientific reports, 16(1), 27138. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11075-x

BibTeX

@article{gupta2026ensemble,
author = {Gupta, Indresh Kumar and Patil, Shruti and Kotecha, Ketan and Srivastava, Swati and Farouk, Ahmed and Rodrigues, Joel J P C},
title = {{An ensemble of deep learning models with falcon optimization assisted diabetic retinopathy diagnosis on retinal fundus images}},
journal = {Scientific reports},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {27138},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2045-2322},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-11075-x},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11075-x},
pmid = {42289410},
pmcid = {PMC13527092}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Gupta, Indresh Kumar
AU - Patil, Shruti
AU - Kotecha, Ketan
AU - Srivastava, Swati
AU - Farouk, Ahmed
AU - Rodrigues, Joel J P C
TI - An ensemble of deep learning models with falcon optimization assisted diabetic retinopathy diagnosis on retinal fundus images
T2 - Scientific reports
J2 - Sci Rep
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/14
VL - 16
IS - 1
SP - 27138
SN - 2045-2322
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41598-025-11075-x
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11075-x
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.

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