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Sub-second extracellular impedance measurement of epithelial cell monolayers using step excitations and time-domain analysis.

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Paper

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 84 lines · 2.5 KB · CC-BY-4.0

  1. function [tb, xb, counts] = bucket_timeseries(t, x, Tb)
  2. %BUCKET_TIMESERIES Snap irregular time-series samples to nearest time buckets.
  3. %
  4. % [tb, xb, counts] = bucket_timeseries(t, x, Tb)
  5. %
  6. % Inputs
  7. % ------
  8. % t : Nx1 or 1xN numeric vector of timestamps (seconds, monotonic not required)
  9. % x : Nx1 or 1xN numeric vector of measurements (same length as t)
  10. % Tb : scalar numeric, bucket interval (seconds), > 0
  11. %
  12. % Behavior
  13. % --------
  14. % 1) Creates bucket timestamps at multiples of Tb ( ...,-Tb,0,Tb,2Tb,... )
  15. % and snaps each sample (t(i), x(i)) to its nearest bucket time.
  16. % 2) If multiple samples snap to the same bucket, averages their x values.
  17. % 3) Returns only buckets that received at least one sample.
  18. %
  19. % Outputs
  20. % -------
  21. % tb : Mx1 vector of bucket timestamps (multiples of Tb), sorted ascending
  22. % xb : Mx1 vector of bucket-averaged measurements
  23. % counts : Mx1 vector, number of raw samples that landed in each bucket
  24. %
  25. % Notes
  26. % -----
  27. % - Nearest bucket is computed via round(t/Tb)*Tb.
  28. % - Ties (exactly halfway between buckets) follow MATLAB's round() rule.
  29. %
  30. % Example
  31. % -------
  32. % t = [0.68 1.02 0.71 0.59];
  33. % x = [1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1];
  34. % Tb = 0.33;
  35. % [tb, xb, n] = bucket_timeseries(t, x, Tb)
  37. % -------- Input checks --------
  38. if nargin ~= 3
  39. error('bucket_timeseries requires exactly 3 inputs: t, x, Tb.');
  40. end
  41. if ~isnumeric(t) || ~isnumeric(x) || ~isnumeric(Tb)
  42. error('Inputs t, x must be numeric vectors and Tb must be numeric scalar.');
  43. end
  44. if ~isscalar(Tb) || ~isfinite(Tb) || Tb <= 0
  45. error('Tb must be a finite, positive scalar.');
  46. end
  48. t = t(:);
  49. x = x(:);
  51. if numel(t) ~= numel(x)
  52. error('t and x must have the same number of elements.');
  53. end
  55. % Remove NaN/Inf pairs (optional but practical)
  56. valid = isfinite(t) & isfinite(x);
  57. t = t(valid);
  58. x = x(valid);
  60. if isempty(t)
  61. tb = zeros(0,1);
  62. xb = zeros(0,1);
  63. counts = zeros(0,1);
  64. return;
  65. end
  67. % -------- Snap to nearest bucket --------
  68. % Bucket index k such that bucket time = k*Tb
  69. k = round(t ./ Tb);
  70. tb_raw = k .* Tb;
  72. % -------- Group and average collisions --------
  73. % Use unique bucket times as groups
  74. [tb, ~, g] = unique(tb_raw, 'sorted');
  76. counts = accumarray(g, 1);
  77. sums = accumarray(g, x);
  78. xb = sums ./ counts;
  80. % Ensure column vectors
  81. tb = tb(:);
  82. xb = xb(:);
  83. counts = counts(:);
  84. end

bucket_timeseries.m, under CC-BY-4.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Rongming Guo1, Athena J Chien2, Jake Hawks3, Benjamin Magondu2, Bo Yang1,4, Xavier Acevedo5, Adrienne L Watson5, Bob Lewis5, Chris Hatcher5, Craig R Forest1,2,4
  1. G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
  2. Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
  3. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
  4. Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
  5. World Precision Instruments, LLC., Sarasota, USA
Institutions: Georgia Institute of Technology (United States); The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (United States); World Precision Instruments (United States) (United States)
Journal: Scientific reports, volume 16, issue 1, article 23456
Dates: received 8 March 2026; accepted 6 May 2026; published online 22 May 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC-ND
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7 · PMID 42173983 · PMCID PMC13408181 · OpenAlex W7162128810
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: human (organism), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Keywords: Biological techniques, Biophysics, Biotechnology, Engineering
MeSH: Dielectric Spectroscopy*, Epithelial Cells*, Caco-2 Cells, Electric Impedance, Humans (* major topic)
Topic: Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies (Biomedical Engineering, Engineering), according to OpenAlex
Funding: NINDS NIH HHS (R01 NS102727, R01NS102727); National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA029639); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS102727); NIA NIH HHS (RF1AG079269, RF1 AG079269); National Institute on Aging (RF1AG079269); NIDA NIH HHS (R01 DA029639, R01DA029639); NEI NIH HHS (R01 EY023173); National Eye Institute (R01 EY023173); World Precision Instruments LLC.
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 31 references in the paper

Abstract

The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

Zenodo 18906483

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
22 files
At the source: zenodo.org/records/18906483

rongmingguo/data_scientificreport

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 8e6cf76ee623adc02e25add9af3e242f193bedaa, 7 March 2026
Languages: MATLAB (21)
Size: 101 files, 21 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the Zenodo archive record
Holds: README
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers
22 files
At the source: github.com/RongmingGuo/Data_ScientificReport/tree/v1.0.0

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

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What the map holds:

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  • 42 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
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Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Code and data availability statement

The paper has a code and data availability statement. Its license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow reproducing it here; in short, from what the harvester recognized in it:

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7.

Versions

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Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 10 authors, 4 keywords, 5 MeSH terms, 9 funders, 28 references.

Cite

This paper

Guo, R., Chien, A. J., Hawks, J., Magondu, B., Yang, B., Acevedo, X., Watson, A. L., Lewis, B., Hatcher, C., & Forest, C. R. (2026). Sub-second extracellular impedance measurement of epithelial cell monolayers using step excitations and time-domain analysis. Scientific reports, 16(1), 23456. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7

BibTeX

@article{guo2026sub,
author = {Guo, Rongming and Chien, Athena J and Hawks, Jake and Magondu, Benjamin and Yang, Bo and Acevedo, Xavier and Watson, Adrienne L and Lewis, Bob and Hatcher, Chris and Forest, Craig R},
title = {{Sub-second extracellular impedance measurement of epithelial cell monolayers using step excitations and time-domain analysis}},
journal = {Scientific reports},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {23456},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2045-2322},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7},
pmid = {42173983},
pmcid = {PMC13408181}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Guo, Rongming
AU - Chien, Athena J
AU - Hawks, Jake
AU - Magondu, Benjamin
AU - Yang, Bo
AU - Acevedo, Xavier
AU - Watson, Adrienne L
AU - Lewis, Bob
AU - Hatcher, Chris
AU - Forest, Craig R
TI - Sub-second extracellular impedance measurement of epithelial cell monolayers using step excitations and time-domain analysis
T2 - Scientific reports
J2 - Sci Rep
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/22
VL - 16
IS - 1
SP - 23456
SN - 2045-2322
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"id": "10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Sub-second extracellular impedance measurement of epithelial cell monolayers using step excitations and time-domain analysis",
"container-title": "Scientific reports",
"author": [
{
"family": "Guo",
"given": "Rongming"
},
{
"family": "Chien",
"given": "Athena J"
},
{
"family": "Hawks",
"given": "Jake"
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{
"family": "Magondu",
"given": "Benjamin"
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{
"family": "Yang",
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{
"family": "Acevedo",
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},
{
"family": "Watson",
"given": "Adrienne L"
},
{
"family": "Lewis",
"given": "Bob"
},
{
"family": "Hatcher",
"given": "Chris"
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{
"family": "Forest",
"given": "Craig R"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Sci Rep",
"volume": "16",
"issue": "1",
"page": "23456",
"DOI": "10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7",
"PMID": "42173983",
"PMCID": "PMC13408181",
"ISSN": "2045-2322",
"publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-52673-7",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
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22
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]
}
}

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