Direct electrical stimulation of the human amygdala enhances recognition memory for objects but not scenes.
The 4 matches
- [1] § Methods › Electrophysiological data analysis ↔ CCEPPrepro.ipynb, lines 125–180 · score 0.84 · Butterworth bandpass filter, 0.1–150 Hz, notch filters, rejected, baseline, epochs
- [2] § Methods › Behavioral tasks › Recognition-memory task procedure ↔ BLAES_Aim2_StudyPhase_BehavioralAnalysis.m, lines 1–139 · score 0.75 · 0.5–1.5 s, dislike, instructions, fixation, encoding, phase
- [3] § Methods › Electrophysiological data analysis ↔ CCEPAnalyses.ipynb, lines 148–226 · score 0.59 · peak amplitude, 900, scored, 10 ms, 0.1 Hz
- [4] § Methods › Behavioral tasks › Recognition-memory task procedure ↔ BLAES_Aim2_ItemScene_ResponseTime.m, lines 38–123 · score 0.54 · image onset, 1.5 s, offset, fixation, scene, stimuli
Paper
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The authors' code
Jupyter notebook · 205 lines · 6.5 KB · no license · 1 match
- # %% [markdown]
- # # CCEP Preprocessing
- #
- # Load in re-structured data (created in `createStimTrialEpochs.m`) and preprocesses the CCEPs.
- #
- #
- # ---
- # > Justin Campbell & Krista Wahlstrom
- # > Version: 3/05/2024
- # %% [markdown]
- # ### 1. Setup
- # %%
- # Import libraries
- import os
- import mne
- import sys
- import glob
- import scipy.io
- import numpy as np
- import pandas as pd
- import seaborn as sns
- import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
- from scipy.signal import savgol_filter
- from scipy.signal import iirnotch, lfilter, sosfilt, butter
- # Load utility functions
- sys.path.insert(0, 'MNE Utils')
- from prepro_utils import select_BLAES_macros, create_bipolar_montage
- # Notebook settings
- %matplotlib inline
- %config InlineBackend.figure_format='retina'
- # %% [markdown]
- # ### 2. Import Data
- # Load the `*StimEpochs.mat` file generated by `createStimTrialEpochs.m`.
- # %%
- # Define file to analyze
- pID = 'UIC202208'
- stimPair = 'RAMG2-RAMG3'
- # %%
- # Define datapath and find datafiles
- #datapath = '/Users/justincampbell/Library/CloudStorage/Box-Box/INMANLab/BCI2000/BLAES Aim 2.1/CCEPs/Data/' # Justin's path
- datapath = '/Users/inmanlab/Library/CloudStorage/Box-Box/INMANLab/BCI2000/BLAES Aim 2.1/CCEPs/Data' #Krista's path
- if pID[0:3] == 'UIC':
- fileType = 'Utah'
- datapath = os.path.join(datapath, 'Utah_Data')
- else:
- fileType = 'WashU'
- datapath = os.path.join(datapath, 'WashU_Data')
- # Find all files for this patient
- dataFile = glob.glob(os.path.join(datapath, pID) + '/' + pID + '_' + stimPair + '*.mat')
- filepath = dataFile[0]
- # Create Prepro folder if it does not already exist
- preproDataPath = os.path.join(datapath, 'Prepro')
- if not os.path.exists(preproDataPath):
- os.mkdir(preproDataPath)
- # %%
- # Load data
- mat = scipy.io.loadmat(filepath, simplify_cells = True)
- data = mat['epochData'] # samples x channels x trials (± 900ms peri-stim onset)
- chanNames = mat['chanNames']
- fs = mat['fs']
- # %% [markdown]
- # ### 3. Data Processing
- # - Select macroelectrode channels
- # - Convert from uV to V
- # - Create `MNE` objects
- # - Bipolar re-reference
- # - 60/120 Hz notch filter
- # - Manually reject bad channels ± epochs
- # %%
- def find_macro_idxs(pID, chans):
- # Use helper function from prepro_utils.py
- macro_chan_idxs = select_BLAES_macros(chans)
- # Special cases (remove non sEEG channels)
- if pID == 'BJH025':
- bad_chan_idxs = [i for i, s in enumerate(chans) if s in ['FP1', 'P3', 'O1', 'FP2', 'P4', 'O2', 'P7', 'P8', 'F9', 'F10']]
- macro_chan_idxs = [i for i in macro_chan_idxs if i not in bad_chan_idxs]
- elif pID == 'BJH019':
- bad_chan_idxs = [i for i, s in enumerate(chans) if s in ['fp1', 'f3', 'c3', 'p3', 'o1', 'f7', 't7', 'p7', 'f9', 'fp2', 'f4', 'p4', 'o2', 'f8', 'p8', 'f10']]
- macro_chan_idxs = [i for i in macro_chan_idxs if i not in bad_chan_idxs]
- return macro_chan_idxs
- # %%
- # Get macroelectrode indices for each patient
- macro_idxs = find_macro_idxs(pID, chanNames)
- macro_labels = chanNames[macro_idxs]
- # Filter data to include only macroelectrode channels
- data = data[:, macro_idxs, :]
- data = data[:-1,:,:]
- # Convert from uV to V
- data = data / 1e6
- # Reshape data
- data = np.ravel(data.transpose(1,2,0))
- data = data.reshape(len(macro_idxs), -1)
- # Add pseudo-sample to prevent epoch cutoff
- data = np.append(data, np.zeros((len(macro_idxs), 1)), axis = 1)
- # Create MNE info and raw objects
- info = mne.create_info(ch_names = chanNames[macro_idxs].tolist(), ch_types = 'seeg', sfreq = fs)
- macros = mne.io.RawArray(data, info)
- # Visualize data to reject bad channels
- macros.plot()
- # %%
- # Bipolar re-reference
- anodes, cathodes = create_bipolar_montage(macro_labels, display = True)
- #Eliminate duplicate channels (issue for BJH025 in particular)
- anodes_clean = []
- cathodes_clean = []
- for x in anodes:
- if x not in anodes_clean:
- anodes_clean.append(x)
- for x in cathodes:
- if x not in cathodes_clean:
- cathodes_clean.append(x)
- macrosBIP = mne.set_bipolar_reference(macros.pick(np.unique(anodes_clean+cathodes_clean)), anode = anodes_clean, cathode = cathodes_clean, drop_refs = True)
- chanNamesBIP = macrosBIP.ch_names
- # Create list of events
- events = mne.make_fixed_length_events(macrosBIP, id = 1, start = 0, duration = 1.8)
- # Re-create epochs using MNE
- epochs = mne.Epochs(macrosBIP, events, tmin=0, tmax = 1.8, baseline=None, preload=True)
- #### FILTERING
- # Separate pre- and post- data
- preData = epochs.copy().crop(tmin = 0, tmax = 0.9).get_data()
- postData = epochs.copy().crop(tmin = 0.9).get_data()
- # Create 60/120 Hz notch filters
- b60, a60 = iirnotch(w0 = 60, Q = 25, fs = fs)
- b120, a120 = iirnotch(w0 = 120, Q = 25, fs = fs)
- # Create bandpass filter
- sosButter = butter(N = 7, Wn = [0.1, 150], fs = fs, btype = 'bandpass', output = 'sos')
- # Apply CAUSAL filters towards stim (pre-)
- preData = lfilter(b60, a60, preData, axis = 2) # 60 Hz notch
- preData = lfilter(b120, a120, preData, axis = 2) # 120 Hz notch
- preData = sosfilt(sosButter, preData, axis = 2) # 7th order butterworth bandpass
- # Apply CAUSAL filters towards stim (post-)
- postData = np.fliplr(postData)
- postData = lfilter(b60, a60, postData, axis = 2) # 60 Hz notch
- postData = lfilter(b120, a120, postData, axis = 2) # 120 Hz notch
- postData = sosfilt(sosButter, postData, axis = 2) # 7th order butterworth bandpass
- postData = np.fliplr(postData)
- # Concatenate pre- and post- data
- procData = np.concatenate((preData, postData), axis = 2)
- # Re-create MNE epochs
- epochs = mne.EpochsArray(procData, epochs.info, events)
- # Visualize to reject epochs
- epochs.plot()
- # %% [markdown]
- # #### 3.1 Export Processed Data
- # %%
- savestr = pID + "_" + stimPair
- if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(preproDataPath, savestr)):
- os.mkdir(os.path.join(preproDataPath, savestr))
- # Get processed data, list of rejected epochs, list of bad_chans
- drop_epochs = [n for n, dl in enumerate(epochs.drop_log) if len(dl)]
- events_mask = np.ones(events.shape[0], dtype = bool)
- events_mask[drop_epochs] = False
- keep_events = events[events_mask]
- drop_chans = epochs.info['bads']
- # Export dropped epochs, dropped chans, events, and channel labels to .csv files
- np.save(os.path.join(preproDataPath, savestr, ('PreproData')), epochs.get_data())
- np.save(os.path.join(preproDataPath, savestr, ('Events')), keep_events)
- pd.DataFrame(drop_epochs, columns = ['Dropped Epochs']).to_csv(os.path.join(preproDataPath, savestr, 'DroppedEpochs.csv'))
- pd.DataFrame(drop_chans, columns = ['Dropped Chans']).to_csv(os.path.join(preproDataPath, savestr, 'DroppedChans.csv'))
- pd.DataFrame(epochs.ch_names, columns = ['Chan']).to_csv(os.path.join(preproDataPath, savestr, 'ChanLabels.csv'))
- # %%
CCEPPrepro.ipynb at commit fdbba9c, no license · at the source
Overview
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah,Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah,Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine,St. Louis, MO USA
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, St. Louis, MO USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Emory University,Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah,Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University,Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah,Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine,St. Louis, MO USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School,Boston, MA USA
- Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin,Austin, TX USA
Abstract
Research from studies using invasive neuroanatomy-inspired direct manipulations suggests the basolateral amygdala (BLA) mediates a generalized modulation of many different types of memory. In contrast, noninvasive indirect correlations suggest that specificity exists in how the BLA prioritizes experiences in memory. We used direct electrical stimulation of the BLA to investigate the specificity of the memory enhancement in the human brain. Patients undergoing intracranial monitoring via depth electrodes viewed object and scene images, half of which were followed by BLA stimulation. Stimulation enhanced long-term memory for object but not scene images. Furthermore, BLA stimulation elicited stronger evoked responses in the anterior vs. posterior medial temporal lobe (MTL), regions that preferentially process object and scene learning, respectively. These results suggest the BLA exerts an important influence over the specificity of what information is prioritized in memory, rather than a general enhancement of all memory, and provide insight into how BLA-MTL projections contribute to the dynamics of memory prioritization.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 4 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
INMANLab/BLAES_Objects-Scenes_Manuscript_Wahlstrom
fdbba9c3a10b695ff2da3621aa49b414fc216640, 23 October 2024Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
- 28 September 2026: the link answers
16 files
- BLAES_Aim2_ItemScene_Res
ponseTime.m , MATLAB, 314 lines, 1 match - BLAES_Aim2_ItemScene_Tes
tPhaseBehavioralAnalysis , MATLAB, 863 lines_Loglinear.m - BLAES_Aim2_NoStimAfterSt
im_Analysis.m , MATLAB, 518 lines - BLAES_Aim2_PostSessionSt
imTest.m , MATLAB, 174 lines - BLAES_Aim2_StudyPhase_Be
havioralAnalysis.m , MATLAB, 258 lines, 1 match - CCEPAnalyses.ipynb, Jupyter, 300 lines, 1 match
- CCEPPrepro.ipynb, Jupyter, 205 lines, 1 match
- MNE Utils/
prepro_utils.py , Python, 69 lines - SpatialFrequency.m, MATLAB, 50 lines
- StarkImageSet_masking.m, MATLAB, 38 lines
- WashU_CCEP_DetectStimTim
ings.m , MATLAB, 38 lines - createStimTrialEpochs.m, MATLAB, 162 lines
- fastNSxRead.m, MATLAB, 281 lines
- image_sets_production.m, MATLAB, 505 lines
- imscramble.m, MATLAB, 86 lines
- README.md, Text, 12 lines
Code availability
The code used to analyze the current study’s data is available on the INMAN Laboratory’s GitHub repository (https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 15 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 4 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.
Data availability
The datasets generated are available through the NIMH Data Archive (collection ID 3688).
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 18 authors, 5 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 71 references.
Cite
This paper
Wahlstrom, K. L., Campbell, J. M., Hollearn, M. K., Swift, J., Adamek, M., Tan, G., Blanpain, L., Xie, T., Davis, T., Brunner, P., Hamann, S. B., Arain, A., Eisenman, L. N., Rolston, J. D., Rahimpour, S., Manns, J. R., Willie, J. T., & Inman, C. S. (2026). Direct electrical stimulation of the human amygdala enhances recognition memory for objects but not scenes. Communications biology, 9(1), 1100. https://
BibTeX
@article{wahlstrom2026di
author = {Wahlstrom, Krista L. and Campbell, Justin M. and Hollearn, Martina K. and Swift, James and Adamek, Markus and Tan, Gansheng and Blanpain, Lou and Xie, Tao and Davis, Tyler and Brunner, Peter and Hamann, Stephan B. and Arain, Amir and Eisenman, Lawrence N. and Rolston, John D. and Rahimpour, Shervin and Manns, Joseph R. and Willie, Jon T. and Inman, Cory S.},
title = {{Direct electrical stimulation of the human amygdala enhances recognition memory for objects but not scenes}},
journal = {Communications biology},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {1100},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2399-3642},
doi = {10.1038/
url = {https://
pmid = {42174234},
pmcid = {PMC13473522}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Wahlstrom, Krista L.
AU - Campbell, Justin M.
AU - Hollearn, Martina K.
AU - Swift, James
AU - Adamek, Markus
AU - Tan, Gansheng
AU - Blanpain, Lou
AU - Xie, Tao
AU - Davis, Tyler
AU - Brunner, Peter
AU - Hamann, Stephan B.
AU - Arain, Amir
AU - Eisenman, Lawrence N.
AU - Rolston, John D.
AU - Rahimpour, Shervin
AU - Manns, Joseph R.
AU - Willie, Jon T.
AU - Inman, Cory S.
TI - Direct electrical stimulation of the human amygdala enhances recognition memory for objects but not scenes
T2 - Communications biology
J2 - Commun Biol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 9
IS - 1
SP - 1100
SN - 2399-3642
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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