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Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism.

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Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

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The authors' code

Python · 13 lines · 290 B · MIT

  1. from .seqnmf import seqnmf, plot
  3. from scipy.io import loadmat
  4. import os
  5. import pkg_resources
  7. DATA_PATH = pkg_resources.resource_filename('seqnmf', 'data/')
  8. example_data = loadmat(os.path.join(DATA_PATH, 'MackeviciusData.mat'))['NEURAL']
  10. del DATA_PATH
  11. del os
  12. del loadmat
  13. del pkg_resources

__init__.py at commit 796ec8c, under MIT · at the source

Overview

Authors: Yusuke Takahashi1, Yoko Ikoma1, Ko Matsui1,2
ORCID iDs: Yusuke Takahashi, Ko Matsui
  1. Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University,Sendai, Japan
  2. Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University,Sendai, Japan
Institutions: Tohoku University (Japan)
Journal: Communications biology, volume 9, issue 1, article 979
Dates: received 28 January 2026; accepted 30 June 2026; published online 27 July 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s42003-026-10646-6 · PMID 42509375 · PMCID PMC13408869 · OpenAlex W7171433647
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: mouse (organism), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Connectivity, Statistics, Machine learning, Preprocessing, Evoked potentials, fMRI & imaging, Single-unit activity, calcium imaging, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: Metabolism, Neurophysiology, Neuro-vascular interactions, Astrocyte, REM sleep
MeSH: Brain*, Energy Metabolism*, Sleep, REM*, Adenosine Triphosphate, Animals, Astrocytes, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neurons, Pyruvic Acid (* major topic)
Topic: Sleep and Wakefulness Research (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23H04659, 25H01713, 26H01665, 18H05110, 20H05046, 19H03338, 22H02713, 25K02373, 22K15218, 24K18234, 26K09537); Takeda Science Foundation (n/a); Uehara Memorial Foundation (n/a); Daiichi Sankyo Foundation of Life Science (n/a); Research Foundation for Opto-Science and Technology; Data Science Program in Tohoku University
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 78 references in the paper

Abstract

The brain’s capacity for information processing depends on precisely regulated energy dynamics. Yet how metabolic supply adapts to shifting computational demands across brain states remains unclear. Using wide-field fluorescence imaging through the intact skull of live mice, we simultaneously monitored brain blood volume (BBV), astrocytic pyruvate, and neuronal ATP levels during natural sleep. We found that large-scale metabolic dynamics are coupled to neuronal activity but reorganize in a state-dependent manner. During non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, theta-band electrocorticogram (ECoG) activity predicted subsequent blood volume changes, accompanied by rapid anterior-to-posterior vascular waves. In contrast, REM sleep was marked by a pronounced increase in BBV, originating in the posterior cortex and slowly propagating across the brain. This was accompanied by elevated astrocytic pyruvate; paradoxically, however, neuronal ATP levels declined sharply. These findings reveal a dynamic interplay among neurons, astrocytes, and the vasculature, suggesting that distinct energy-allocation strategies underlie the brain’s computational flexibility.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

ContextLab/seqnmf

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 796ec8cdd5ff846f5733c3dd4ac02352a0da3e65, 7 August 2018
Languages: Python (5)
Size: 11 files, 5 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the text, “Extraction of spatiotemporal motifs in dYFP sign”
Holds: README, license file, environment (requirements.txt, setup.py)
Not found: CITATION.cff, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: SciPy (3 files), Matplotlib (2 files), NumPy (2 files), seaborn (2 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers
7 files
At the source: github.com/ContextLab/seqnmf

Code availability

Custom-written Python codes are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 5 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

The numerical source data underlying all graphs presented in the main and Supplementary Figs. are provided with this paper as a Supplementary Data file. Raw data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 3 authors, 5 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 6 funders, 78 references.

Cite

This paper

Takahashi, Y., Ikoma, Y., & Matsui, K. (2026). Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism. Communications biology, 9(1), 979. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-10646-6

BibTeX

@article{takahashi2026energy,
author = {Takahashi, Yusuke and Ikoma, Yoko and Matsui, Ko},
title = {{Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism}},
journal = {Communications biology},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {979},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2399-3642},
doi = {10.1038/s42003-026-10646-6},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-10646-6},
pmid = {42509375},
pmcid = {PMC13408869}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Takahashi, Yusuke
AU - Ikoma, Yoko
AU - Matsui, Ko
TI - Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism
T2 - Communications biology
J2 - Commun Biol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/27
VL - 9
IS - 1
SP - 979
SN - 2399-3642
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s42003-026-10646-6
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-10646-6
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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