Individual differences in speech monitoring: Functional and structural correlates of delayed auditory feedback.

Overview

1. Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525XD, The Netherlands
2. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525EN, The Netherlands
3. Institute for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8050, Switzerland
4. Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
5. Brain Connectivity and Behavior Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris 75005, France
6. Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa

Abstract

Sensory feedback is essential for the fine-tuning of motor actions, and speech production is no exception. It depends on continuous self-monitoring to ensure that produced sounds match intended targets. Delaying auditory feedback (DAF) disrupts this alignment and impairs fluency, providing a powerful tool to investigate sensorimotor control. We combined functional and diffusion-weighted MRI in 31 participants performing a word-production task under delayed (DAF) and immediate (no-DAF) auditory feedback. While all participants slowed their speech under DAF, the extent of this effect varied across individuals and was quantified using a susceptibility index. At the group level, DAF > no-DAF elicited increased activation in a right-lateralized network encompassing the superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, supplementary motor area, and left cerebellum. Incorporating individual differences revealed that higher susceptibility was associated with greater activation in left-hemisphere speech motor homologues and larger volume of the right long segment of the arcuate fasciculus, a whitematter pathway connecting auditory and motor speech regions. This pattern suggests that susceptibility reflects increased recruitment of neural resources and a stronger reliance on auditory-motor coupling. In contrast, resilience was associated with greater engagement of the bilateral angular gyrus and higher fiber density in the right posterior AF, which connects auditory and somatosensory speech regions. This finding indicates that resilience is supported by a posterior temporo-parietal circuit that efficiently integrates multimodal sensory feedback. Together, these findings link functional dynamics with underlying structural connectivity to reveal how a right-lateralized network supports speech control, while accounting for individual differences in susceptibility to fluency disruption.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

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Data

Datasets cited

• github.com/mugeozker/neural-substrates-that-underlie-individual-variability-to-daf, at github.com; found in the references

Data, Materials, and Software Availability

Group-level fMRI Nifti files and CSV files data have been deposited in GitHub Repository (113).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 5 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 99 references.

Cite

This paper

Ozker, M., Giglio, L., Beyh, A., Forkel, S. J., & Hagoort, P. (2026). Individual differences in speech monitoring: Functional and structural correlates of delayed auditory feedback. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 123(26), e2530123123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2530123123

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