Cognition does not automatically influence perception: Evidence from neural encoding of colors belonging to different categories.

Overview

1. Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
2. Department of Sociology and Philosophy, Smolensk State University, Smolensk 214000, Russia
3. School of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool L16 9JD, United Kingdom

Abstract

The firmest evidence in favor of models that posit early high-level influences of cognition on perception comes from electroencephalography (EEG). Enhanced early, preattentive processing of light and dark blue feature changes compared to light and dark green changes was reported in Greek speakers, who have two basic terms for “blue” (ghalazio/ble). In the present three-experiment study, we systematically reevaluate this evidence and test an alternative model that the early difference waves in the human EEG instead mainly reflect contrast adaptation phenomena. We use the same classical oddball paradigm presenting alternating standards and deviants that systematically differ in color and/or luminance and chromatic contrast. We then calculate the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), a putative index of preattentive feature change processing and predictive coding derived from EEG data, by subtracting the activity elicited by standards from that elicited by task-irrelevant deviants. Our experiments demonstrate the following: 1) vMMN is driven by contrast adaptation, being observable only in the presence of contrast differences between the stimuli and not reliably observed for categorically different hues equated in contrast; 2) there is no reliable difference between green- and blue-related difference waves in speakers (Russian) with two basic blue color categories, the difference waves, again, being driven by contrast rather than their categorical content. Our findings are highly significant for the debate concerning the interface between perception and cognition, as the absence of early categorical effects speaks against models that predict Whorfian-type preattentive cognitive influences on perception.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

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The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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Data

Datasets cited

• osf:53vnt — at OSF; found in the references
• osf:ymk9u — at OSF; found in the text, “Apparatus, Stimuli, and Procedure.”

Data, Materials, and Software Availability

Grand mean EEG and behavioural data have been deposited in OSF (65).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 6 authors, 5 keywords, 9 MeSH terms, 2 funders, 51 references.

Cite

This paper

Martinovic, J., Delov, A. A., Tomastikova, J., Martin, J. T., Paramei, G. V., & Griber, Y. A. (2026). Cognition does not automatically influence perception: Evidence from neural encoding of colors belonging to different categories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 123(24), e2538139123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2538139123

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