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Altered rhythmic and arrhythmic electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

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Paper

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 57 lines · 2.1 KB · no license

  1. % CircStat Toolbox
  2. % Toolbox for circular statistics with Matlab
  3. %
  4. % Descriptive Statistics.
  5. % circ_mean - Mean direction of a sample of circular data
  6. % circ_median - Median direction of a sample of circular data
  7. % circ_r - Resultant vector length
  8. % circ_var - Circular variance
  9. % circ_std - Circular standard deviation
  10. % circ_moment - Circular p-th moment
  11. % circ_skewness - Circular skewness
  12. % circ_kurtosis - Circular kurtosis
  13. %
  14. % Inferential Statistics.
  15. % Testing for Circular Uniformity.
  16. % circ_rtest - Rayleigh's test for nonuniformity
  17. % circ_otest - Hodges-Ajne test (omnibus test) for nonuniformity
  18. % circ_raotest - Rao's spacing test for nonuniformity
  19. % circ_vtest - V-Test for nonuniformity with known mean direction
  20. %
  21. % Tests Concerning Mean and Median.
  22. % circ_confmean - Confidence intervals for mean direction
  23. % circ_mtest - One-sample test for specified mean direction
  24. % circ_medtest - Test for median angle
  25. % circ_symtest - Test for symmetry around median angle
  26. %
  27. % Paired and Multisample Tests.
  28. % circ_wwtest - Two and multi-sample test for equal means;
  29. % one-factor ANOVA
  30. % circ_hktest - Two-factor ANOVA
  31. % circ_cmtest - Non-parametric multi-sample test for equal medians
  32. %
  33. % Measures of Association.
  34. % circ_corrcc - Circular-circular correlation coefficient
  35. % circ_corrcl - Circular-linear correlation coefficient
  36. %
  37. % The Von Mises Distribution
  38. % circ_vmpdf - Probability density function of the von Mises
  39. % distribution
  40. % circ_vmpar - Parameter estimation
  41. % circ_vmrnd - Random number generation
  42. %
  43. % Others.
  44. % circ_axial - Convert axial data to common scale
  45. % circ_dist - Distances around a circle
  46. % circ_dist2 - Pairwise distances around a circle
  47. % circ_stats - Summary statistics
  48. % circ_kappa - Compute concentration parameter of a VM distribution
  49. % circ_plot - Visualization for circular data
  50. % circ_rad2ang - Convert radian to angular values
  51. % circ_ang2rad - Convert angular to radian values
  52. %
  53. %
  54. %
  55. % Author:
  56. % Philipp Berens, 2009

Contents.m at commit 181384d, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Alexandre Lafrenière1,2, Jean-Marc Lina1,3,4, Claire André1,2, Marie-Ève Martineau-Dussault1,2, Dominique Lorrain5,6, Célyne Bastien7,8, Carol Hudon7,8, Nadia Gosselin1,2, Julie Carrier1,2
ORCID iDs: Claire André, Carol Hudon, Julie Carrier
  1. Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada, H4J 1C5
  2. Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada, H2V 2S9
  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Canada, H3C 1K3
  4. Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada, H3T 1N8
  5. Research Centre on Aging, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie—CHUS, Sherbrooke, Canada, J1H 4C4
  6. Department of Psychology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, J1K 2R1
  7. CERVO Research Centre, Quebec City, Canada, G1E 0N5
  8. School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada, G1V 0A6
Institutions: Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Canada); Canadian Sleep & Circadian Network (Canada); Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal (Canada); Université de Montréal (Canada); Centre de recherches mathématiques (Canada); École de Technologie Supérieure (Canada); Université de Sherbrooke (Canada); Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement (Canada); Université Laval (Canada)
Journal: Brain communications, volume 8, issue 3, article fcag204
Dates: received 3 June 2025; accepted 18 June 2026; published online 22 June 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1093/braincomms/fcag204 · PMID 42339151 · PMCID PMC13284422 · OpenAlex W7165598940
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: EEG (modality), human (organism), Alzheimer's / dementia (population), cognitive (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Preprocessing, Statistics, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, sleep, slow-wave sleep, electroencephalography, mild cognitive impairment
Topic: Sleep and Wakefulness Research (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN154291, PJT153259, MOP102631, MOP115172); Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Santé; Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé; Canada Research Chairs
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 126 references in the paper

Abstract

Non-rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalographic activity has been proposed to provide helpful markers for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease. However, studies have produced mixed results regarding the impact of mild cognitive impairment—a prodromal stage—when using traditional spectral power analyses during this sleep phase. It is increasingly recognized that electrophysiological power spectra are composed of two components: a rhythmic part, which reflects oscillatory activity, and an arrhythmic part, which represents the balance of neuronal excitation and inhibition. In this cross-sectional study, our objective was thus to determine whether cognitive impairment is associated with the non-rapid eye movement sleep rhythmic and arrhythmic components in older adults. Fifty-six cognitively normal participants (68.3 ± 7.1 years old, 41% women) and 56 participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (69.9 ± 8.6 years old, 41% women) matched on multiple variables (age, sex, education, body mass index, apnoea–hypopnoea index) underwent a neuropsychological assessment and a night of polysomnography. Analyses focused on six channels of interest (F3, F4, C3, C4, P3 and P4). Significant between-group differences were observed for non-rapid eye movement sleep rhythmic and arrhythmic activity. Participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment had lower rhythmic power in the fast-sigma/slow-beta range across all topographies investigated and higher gamma rhythmic power in the left parietal area. Participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment also showed lower mean gamma aperiodic exponents—an arrhythmic activity measure—across all topographies. Frontal rhythmic power in the fast-sigma/slow-beta range predicted episodic memory in the amnestic mild cognitive impairment group. Our findings reveal alterations in both rhythmic and arrhythmic brain activity, indicating oscillatory changes and signs of hyperexcitability during non-rapid eye movement sleep in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

AlexLaf11/eeg-nrem-amci

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 181384de9fc9e1fbf9cd69369ed659ea4a71e09b, 10 January 2026
Languages: MATLAB (58)
Size: 61 files, 58 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data availability”
Holds: README
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: CircStat (22 files), Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (11 files), Image Processing Toolbox (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers
59 files
At the source: github.com/AlexLaf11/eeg-nrem-amci.git

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 58 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

Data used in the present study will be available from the corresponding author upon request.

All custom code used for data preprocessing and analysis in this study is publicly available on GitHub at https://github.com/AlexLaf11/eeg-nrem-amci.git

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 9 authors, 5 keywords, 4 funders, 117 references.

Cite

This paper

Lafrenière, A., Lina, J.-M., André, C., Martineau-Dussault, M.-È., Lorrain, D., Bastien, C., Hudon, C., Gosselin, N., & Carrier, J. (2026). Altered rhythmic and arrhythmic electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain communications, 8(3), fcag204. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcag204

BibTeX

@article{lafreniere2026altered,
author = {Lafrenière, Alexandre and Lina, Jean-Marc and André, Claire and Martineau-Dussault, Marie-Ève and Lorrain, Dominique and Bastien, Célyne and Hudon, Carol and Gosselin, Nadia and Carrier, Julie},
title = {{Altered rhythmic and arrhythmic electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in amnestic mild cognitive impairment}},
journal = {Brain communications},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
volume = {8},
number = {3},
pages = {fcag204},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
issn = {2632-1297},
doi = {10.1093/braincomms/fcag204},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcag204},
pmid = {42339151},
pmcid = {PMC13284422}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Lafrenière, Alexandre
AU - Lina, Jean-Marc
AU - André, Claire
AU - Martineau-Dussault, Marie-Ève
AU - Lorrain, Dominique
AU - Bastien, Célyne
AU - Hudon, Carol
AU - Gosselin, Nadia
AU - Carrier, Julie
TI - Altered rhythmic and arrhythmic electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in amnestic mild cognitive impairment
T2 - Brain communications
J2 - Brain Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/22
VL - 8
IS - 3
SP - fcag204
SN - 2632-1297
PB - Oxford University Press
DO - 10.1093/braincomms/fcag204
UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcag204
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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