Neurons embedded in loop-like motifs act as central hubs for brain-wide integration.
The 5 matches
- [1] § Materials and methods › Cell assembly detection ↔ CADopti.m, lines 1–46 · score 0.91 · temporal resolution, MaxLags, assembly detected, CADopti, spike trains, cell assemblies
- [2] § Materials and methods › Cell assembly detection ↔ Tutorial_CADopti.m, lines 12–33 · score 0.81 · temporal resolution, MaxLags, CADopti, BinSizes, stationarities, detection
- [3] § Materials and methods › Cell assembly detection ↔ CADopti.m, lines 1–46 · score 0.71 · temporal resolution, CADopti, cell assemblies, Assembly detection, algorithm, Russo
- [4] § Materials and methods › Cell assembly detection ↔ Tutorial_CADopti.m, lines 12–33 · score 0.63 · temporal resolution, CADopti, Assembly detection, algorithm
- [5] § Materials and methods › Cell assembly detection ↔ TestPair_ref.m, lines 1–88 · score 0.56 · spike trains, formed assembly, stationarities, parallel, Russo, binning
Paper
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The authors' code
MATLAB · 290 lines · 11 KB · GPL-3.0 · 2 matches
- function [As_across_bins,As_across_bins_index,assembly,Assemblies_all_orders]=CADopti(spM,MaxLags,BinSizes,ref_lag,alph,No_th,O_th,bytelimit)
- % this function returns cell assemblies detected in spM spike matrix binned
- % at a temporal resolution specified in 'BinSizes' vector and testing for all
- % lags between '-MaxLags(i)' and 'MaxLags(i)'
- %
- % USAGE: [assembly]=Main_assemblies_detection(spM, MaxLags, BinSizes, ref_lag, alph, Dc, No_th, O_th, bytelimit)
- %
- % ARGUMENTS:
- % spM := matrix with population spike trains; each row is the spike train (time stamps, not binned) relative to a unit.
- % BinSizes:= vector of bin sizes to be tested;
- % MaxLags:= vector of maximal lags to be tested. For a binning dimension of BinSizes(i) the program will test all pairs configurations with a time shift between -MaxLags(i) and MaxLags(i);
- % (optional) ref_lag := reference lag. Default value 2
- % (optional) alph := alpha level. Default value 0.05
- % (optional) No_th := minimal number of occurrences required for an assembly (all assemblies, even if significant, with fewer occurrences than No_th are discarded). Default value 0.
- % (optional) O_th := maximal assembly order (the algorithm will return assemblies of composed by maximum O_th elements).
- % (optional) bytelimit := maximal size (in bytes) allocated for all assembly structures detected with a bin dimension. When the size limit is reached the algorithm stops adding new units.
- %
- % RETURNS:
- % assembly - structure containing assembly information:
- % assembly.parameters - parameters used to run Main_assemblies_detection
- % assembly.bin{i} contains information about assemblies detected with
- % 'BinSizes(i)' bin size tested for all lags between
- % '-MaxLags(i)' and 'MaxLags(i)'
- %
- % assembly.bin{i}.bin_edges - bin edges (common to all assemblies in assembly.bin{i})
- % assembly.bin{i}.n{j} information about the j-th assembly detected with BinSizes(i) bin size
- % elements: vector of units taking part to the assembly (unit order correspond to the agglomeration order)
- % lag: vector of time lags. '.lag(z)' is the activation delay between .elements(1) and .elements(z+1)
- % pr: vector of pvalues. '.pr(z)' is the pvalue of the statistical test between performed adding .elements(z+1) to the structure .elements(1:z)
- % Time: assembly activation time. It reports how many times the complete assembly activates in that bin. .Time always refers to the activation of the first listed assembly element (.elements(1)), that doesn't necessarily corresponds to the first unit firing.
- % Noccurrences: number of assembly occurrence. '.Noccurrences(z)' is the occurrence number of the structure composed by the units .elements(1:z+1)
- %
- % As_across_bins - structure containing assembly information (exactly same information contained in "assembly" but collected across different temporal resolutions)
- % As_across_bins_index - information to link assemblies in "As_across_bins"
- % back to the structure "assembly":
- % assembly As_across_bins{i} is contained in assembly.bin{As_across_bins_index{i}(1)}.n{As_across_bins_index{i}(2)}.
- %
- % © 2020 Russo
- % for information please contact [email hidden]
- if nargin<4 || isempty(ref_lag), ref_lag=2; end
- if nargin<5 || isempty(alph), alph=0.05; end
- if nargin<6 || isempty(No_th), No_th=0; end % no limitation on the number of assembly occurrences
- if nargin<7 || isempty(O_th), O_th=Inf; end % no limitation on the assembly order (=number of elements in the assembly)
- if nargin<8 || isempty(bytelimit), bytelimit=Inf; end % no limitation on assembly dimension
- %%
- nneu=size(spM,1); % number of units
- testit=ones(1,length(BinSizes));
- binM=cell(1,length(BinSizes));
- number_tests=0;
- % matrix binning at all bins
- for gg=1:length(BinSizes)
- int=BinSizes(gg);
- tb=min(spM(:)):int:max(spM(:));
- binM{gg}=zeros(nneu,length(tb)-1,'uint8');
- number_tests=number_tests+nneu*(nneu-1)*(2*MaxLags(gg)+1)/2;
- for n=1:nneu
- [ binM{gg}(n,:),~] = histcounts(spM(n,:),tb);
- end
- assembly.bin{gg}.n=[];
- assembly.bin{gg}.bin_edges=tb;
- if size(binM{gg},2)-MaxLags(gg)<100
- fprintf('Warning: testing bin size=%f. The time series is too short, consider taking a longer portion of spike train or diminish the bin size to be tested \n', int);
- testit(gg)=0;
- end
- end
- fprintf('order 1\n')
- clear Assemblies_all_orders
- O=1;
- Dc=100; %length (in # bins) of the segments in which the spike train is divided to compute #abba variance (parameter k).
- assembly_selected_xy=[];
- % assembly_selected_xy=nan(nneu,nneu);
- p_values=[];
- % first order assembly
- parfor w1=1:nneu
- for w2=w1+1:nneu
- assemblybin=cell(1,length(BinSizes));
- p_by_bin=[];
- for gg=1:length(BinSizes)
- [assemblybin{gg}]=FindAssemblies_recursive_prepruned([binM{gg}(w1,:);binM{gg}(w2,:)],w1,w2,MaxLags(gg),Dc,ref_lag);
- p_values=[p_values; assemblybin{gg}.pr(end)];
- assemblybin{gg}.bin=BinSizes(gg);
- p_by_bin(gg)=assemblybin{gg}.pr;
- end
- [~, b]=min(p_by_bin);
- assembly_selected_xy=[assembly_selected_xy,assemblybin(b)];
- end
- end
- assembly_selected=assembly_selected_xy;
- if ~isempty(assembly_selected)
- %% Holm-Bonferroni
- x=1:length(p_values);
- p_values=sort(p_values);
- p_values_alpha=alph./(number_tests+1-x);
- aus=find((p_values'-p_values_alpha)<0);
- if isempty(aus)
- HBcorrected_p=0;
- else
- HBcorrected_p=p_values(aus(end));
- end
- ANfo=zeros(nneu,nneu);
- for oo=length(assembly_selected):-1:1
- if assembly_selected{oo}.pr(end)>HBcorrected_p
- assembly_selected(oo)=[];
- else
- ANfo(assembly_selected{oo}.elements(1),assembly_selected{oo}.elements(2))=1;
- end
- end
- Assemblies_all_orders{O}=assembly_selected;
- %%
- % higher orders
- Oincrement=1;
- while Oincrement && O<(O_th-1)
- O=O+1;
- fprintf('order %d\n',O)
- Oincrement=0;
- assembly_selected_aus=[];
- xx=1;
- for w1=1:size(assembly_selected,2)
- % bin at which to test w1
- ggg=find(BinSizes==assembly_selected{w1}.bin);
- % element to test with w1
- w1_elements=assembly_selected{w1}.elements;
- [~, w2_to_test]=find(ANfo(w1_elements,:)==1); % I try to add only neurons that have significant first order cooccurrences with members of the assembly
- w2_to_test(ismember(w2_to_test,w1_elements))=[]; % I erase the one that are already in the assembly
- w2_to_test=unique(w2_to_test);
- for ww2=1:length(w2_to_test)
- w2=w2_to_test(ww2);
- spikeTrain2=binM{ggg}(w2,:)';
- [assemblybin_aus]=TestPair_ref(assembly_selected{w1},spikeTrain2,w2,MaxLags(ggg),Dc,ref_lag);
- p_values=[p_values; assemblybin_aus.pr(end)];
- number_tests=number_tests+2*MaxLags(ggg)+1;
- if assemblybin_aus.pr(end)<HBcorrected_p
- assembly_selected_aus{xx}=assemblybin_aus;
- assembly_selected_aus{xx}.bin=BinSizes(ggg);
- xx=xx+1;
- Oincrement=1;
- end
- end
- end
- if Oincrement
- %%% pruning within the same size %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- % between two assemblies with the same unit set arranged into different configurations I choose the most significant one
- na=length(assembly_selected_aus); % number assemblies
- nelement=size(assembly_selected_aus{1}.elements,2); % number elements for assembly
- selection=nan(na,nelement+1+1);
- assembly_final=cell(1,na); %max possible dimension
- nns=1;
- for i=1:na
- elem=sort(assembly_selected_aus{i}.elements);
- [ism,indx]=ismember(elem,selection(:,1:nelement),'rows');
- if ~ism
- assembly_final{nns}=assembly_selected_aus{i};
- selection(nns,1:nelement)=elem;
- selection(nns,nelement+1)=assembly_selected_aus{i}.pr(end);
- selection(nns,nelement+2)=i;
- nns=nns+1;
- else
- if selection(indx,nelement+1)>assembly_selected_aus{i}.pr(end)
- assembly_final{indx}=assembly_selected_aus{i};
- selection(indx,nelement+1)=assembly_selected_aus{i}.pr(end);
- selection(indx,nelement+2)=i;
- end
- end
- end
- assembly_final(nns:end)=[];
- assembly_selected=assembly_final;
- Assemblies_all_orders{O}=assembly_final;
- clear assembly_final
- end
- %% Holm-Bonferroni
- x=1:length(p_values);
- p_values=sort(p_values);
- p_values_alpha=alph./(number_tests+1-x);
- aus=find((p_values'-p_values_alpha)<0);
- % HBcorrected_p=p_values(aus(end));
- if isempty(aus)
- HBcorrected_p=0;
- else
- HBcorrected_p=p_values(aus(end));
- end
- end
- %% Holm–Bonferroni
- x=1:length(p_values);
- p_values=sort(p_values)';
- p_values_alpha=alph./(number_tests+1-x);
- aus=find((p_values-p_values_alpha)<0);
- % HBcorrected_p=p_values(aus(end));
- if isempty(aus)
- HBcorrected_p=0;
- else
- HBcorrected_p=p_values(aus(end));
- end
- for o=1:length(Assemblies_all_orders)
- for oo=length(Assemblies_all_orders{o}):-1:1
- if Assemblies_all_orders{o}{oo}.pr(end)>HBcorrected_p
- Assemblies_all_orders{o}(oo)=[];
- end
- end
- end
- %% pruning between differen assembly size
- o=length(Assemblies_all_orders);
- x=1;
- for oo=length(Assemblies_all_orders{o}):-1:1
- Element_template{x}=Assemblies_all_orders{o}{oo}.elements;
- x=x+1;
- end
- for o=length(Assemblies_all_orders)-1:-1:1
- for oo=length(Assemblies_all_orders{o}):-1:1
- found=0;
- ooo=1;
- while ~found && ooo<x
- if ismember(Assemblies_all_orders{o}{oo}.elements,Element_template{ooo})
- Assemblies_all_orders{o}(oo)=[];
- found=1;
- else
- ooo=ooo+1;
- end
- end
- if found==0
- Element_template{x}=Assemblies_all_orders{o}{oo}.elements;
- x=x+1;
- end
- end
- end
- %% reformat dividing by bins
- for o=length(Assemblies_all_orders):-1:1
- for oo=length(Assemblies_all_orders{o}):-1:1
- bx=find(BinSizes==Assemblies_all_orders{o}{oo}.bin);
- assembly.bin{bx}.n=[assembly.bin{bx}.n,Assemblies_all_orders{o}(oo)];
- end
- end
- for gg=length(BinSizes):-1:1
- if isempty(assembly.bin{gg}.n)
- assembly.bin{gg}=[];
- end
- end
- fprintf('\n');
- else
- for gg=length(BinSizes):-1:1
- assembly.bin{gg}=[];
- Assemblies_all_orders=[];
- end
- end
- assembly.parameters.alph=alph;
- assembly.parameters.Dc=Dc;
- assembly.parameters.No_th=No_th;
- assembly.parameters.O_th=O_th;
- assembly.parameters.bytelimit=bytelimit;
- assembly.parameters.ref_lag=ref_lag;
- [As_across_bins,As_across_bins_index]=assemblies_across_bins(assembly,BinSizes);
- end
CADopti.m at commit a996de8, under GPL-3.0 · at the source
Overview
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
- Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
- Department of Wellbeing, Health and Environmental Sustainability, Sapienza University of Rome, Rieti, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Abstract
Abstract: Efficient cooperation between brain areas requires a dynamic balance between the segregation of region‐specific functional roles and information broadcasting. Imaging studies of brain‐wide co‐ordination cannot reach the single‐cell assembly level analysis. In this study, we explored co‐ordinative relationships between single neurons across 71 mouse brain regions using the concept of cell assembly as an investigative tool. Cell assemblies can be considered the fundamental brain processing units, and identifying their aggregate structure can provide a high‐resolution view of inter‐regional co‐ordinative relationships. We first examined pairwise co‐ordination between areas, and then we investigated higher‐order forms of inter‐regional connectivity, searching for triplets of neurons. We mainly focused on one functionally relevant motif: the loop‐like triplet, modelling a reentrant flow of information, which we hypothesised could represent a core mechanism for the integration of information. We found that this reentrant mode of communication was often asymmetrical between areas and largely unrelated to neuron pair co‐ordination. We found that hub neurons, which have a higher‐than‐average number of co‐ordinative relationships with external regions, are consistently and significantly embedded in loop‐like assemblies. These findings suggest that this peculiar motif represents a core architectural feature supporting brain‐wide integration.
Key points: Cell assembly detection allows the identification of motifs of inter‐regional co‐ordination.
Loop‐like motifs of co‐ordination are heterogeneously distributed across the brain.
External hub neurons are consistently and brain‐wide embedded in loop‐like motifs.
Loop‐like motifs appear as an integration‐oriented structure of co‐ordination.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 5 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
DurstewitzLab/CADopti
a996de82f0f6816f7991ef794c17bea17b12bef4, 11 April 2020Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers
- 30 September 2026: the link answers
10 files
- CADopti.m, MATLAB, 290 lines, 2 matches
- FindAssemblies_recursive
_prepruned.m , MATLAB, 35 lines - TestPair_ref.m, MATLAB, 271 lines, 1 match
- Tutorial_CADopti.m, MATLAB, 58 lines, 2 matches
- assemblies_across_bins.m
, MATLAB, not shown here - assembly_activity_functi
on.m , MATLAB, 210 lines - assembly_assignment_matr
ix.m , MATLAB, 151 lines - restyle_assembly_lags_ti
me.m , MATLAB, 40 lines - LICENSE, License, 674 lines
- README.md, Text, 23 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 8 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 5 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
Datasets cited
- figshare:9598406, at figshare; found in “Data availability statement”
Data availability statement
The dataset recorded by Steinmetz et al. (2019) and analysed in this study is available at: https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 7 authors, 5 keywords, 7 MeSH terms, 2 funders, 101 references.
Cite
This paper
Londei, F., Arena, G., Ferrucci, L., Siano, F., Marcos, E., Ceccarelli, F., & Aldo, G. (2026). Neurons embedded in loop-like motifs act as central hubs for brain-wide integration. The Journal of physiology, 604(7), 2958-2984. https://
BibTeX
@article{londei2026neuro
author = {Londei, Fabrizio and Arena, Giulia and Ferrucci, Lorenzo and Siano, Francesco and Marcos, Encarni and Ceccarelli, Francesco and Aldo, Genovesio},
title = {{Neurons embedded in loop-like motifs act as central hubs for brain-wide integration}},
journal = {The Journal of physiology},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
volume = {604},
number = {7},
pages = {2958--2984},
publisher = {Wiley},
issn = {0022-3751},
doi = {10.1113/
url = {https://
pmid = {41784464},
pmcid = {PMC13039282}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Londei, Fabrizio
AU - Arena, Giulia
AU - Ferrucci, Lorenzo
AU - Siano, Francesco
AU - Marcos, Encarni
AU - Ceccarelli, Francesco
AU - Aldo, Genovesio
TI - Neurons embedded in loop-like motifs act as central hubs for brain-wide integration
T2 - The Journal of physiology
J2 - J Physiol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 604
IS - 7
SP - 2958
EP - 2984
SN - 0022-3751
PB - Wiley
DO - 10.1113/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.1113/
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Neurons embedded in loop-like motifs act as central hubs for brain-wide integration",
"container-title": "The Journal of physiology",
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{
"family": "Londei",
"given": "Fabrizio"
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{
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"given": "Giulia"
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{
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"given": "Lorenzo"
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{
"family": "Siano",
"given": "Francesco"
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{
"family": "Marcos",
"given": "Encarni"
},
{
"family": "Ceccarelli",
"given": "Francesco"
},
{
"family": "Aldo",
"given": "Genovesio"
}
],
"container-title-short":
"volume": "604",
"issue": "7",
"page": "2958-2984",
"DOI": "10.1113/
"PMID": "41784464",
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"ISSN": "0022-3751",
"publisher": "Wiley",
"URL": "https://
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
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