OSCR

Dexterous single sniffs for ethological active olfaction.

Code ↔ Paper

5 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 5 matches
  1. [1] § MATERIALS AND METHODS › Data acquisition and analysis: Breathing signals ↔ fig2_figS2.ipynb, lines 185–261 · score 0.70 · bandpass filtered, instantaneous phase, Hilbert, analytic, angle, PLVs
  2. [2] § MATERIALS AND METHODS › Data acquisition and analysis: Breathing signals ↔ fig2GHI_S3BC_Sniff_nonsniff_phase_cophase_analysis_clean.ipynb, lines 236–321 · score 0.63 · resetting model, cophase, regression, R2, iteration, slope
  3. [3] § MATERIALS AND METHODS › Data acquisition and analysis: Breathing signals ↔ sniff_analysis.py, lines 8–138 · score 0.61 · search window, filtered signal, extrema, amplitude, 500 ms, Breathing
  4. [4] § RESULTS › The breathing rhythm adjusts abruptly around food sniffs ↔ fig2GHI_S3BC_Sniff_nonsniff_phase_cophase_analysis_clean.ipynb, lines 236–321 · score 0.54 · resetting model, cophase, regression, S3, R2, slope
  5. [5] § RESULTS › The breathing rhythm adjusts abruptly around food sniffs ↔ fig2_figS2.ipynb, lines 449–517 · score 0.51 · instantaneous phase, breathing phase, S2, inspirations, Figure 2

Paper

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The authors' code

Jupyter notebook · 580 lines · 20 KB · CC-BY-4.0 · 2 matches

  1. # %%
  2. import numpy as np
  3. from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
  4. import matplotlib as mpl
  5. import scipy.signal as signal
  6. import pandas as pd
  7. import glob
  8. import seaborn as sns
  9. import scipy.ndimage as filters#changed from scipy.ndimage.filters as the namespace was deprecated 05/24/2023
  10. import pickle
  11. import scipy.stats as stats
  12. import astropy.stats.circstats as circstats
  14. # %%
  15. %matplotlib ipympl
  17. # %%
  18. from ploting import *
  20. # %%
  21. from extented_stats_tools import *
  23. # %%
  24. from signal_processing import *
  26. # %%
  27. set_plot_style()
  28. set_pub_plots()
  30. # %%
  31. out_folder='.\\source_data'
  33. # %%
  34. INSP_df_all2=pd.read_pickle(out_folder+'\\INSP_df_all2.pkl')
  36. # %%
  37. sniff_df=INSP_df_all2[(INSP_df_all2['IsSniff']==True)]
  39. # %%
  40. sniff_df_P=pd.read_pickle(out_folder+'\\sniff_df_P_6mice.pkl')
  41. trace_array_p=np.load(out_folder+'\\trace_array_6mice_all_pelltes.npy')
  44. # %%
  46. HN_d_interped_all_P=np.load(out_folder+'\\HN_d_interped_all_P.npy')
  48. # %%
  49. dt_p=sniff_df_P['hand_sniff']-sniff_df_P['t0']
  51. # %%
  52. def shuffle_trace(data,window_size=1,sr=10000):#data: 2d-array
  53. #random shuffling
  54. shuffle_point=np.random.randint(0,data.shape[-1]-int(sr*window_size),data.shape[0])
  55. window_array_x=np.stack([np.arange(data.shape[0])]*int(sr*window_size),axis=1)
  56. window_array_y=np.stack([np.arange(int(sr*window_size))]*data.shape[0])+shuffle_point[:,None]
  58. shuffled_data=data[(window_array_x,window_array_y)]
  61. return shuffled_data
  63. # %%
  64. def re_align_trace(data,event_times,insptimes,window_size=1,sr=10000):#data.shape[0]==len(event_times),
  65. #randomly choose peri-sniff insp time and use as mock sniff time wile perserve the "delta t" fro each real event
  66. all_time_shifts=[]
  67. for i in range (data.shape[0]):
  69. re_align_point_range=[(event_times.iloc[i]-window_size/2),(event_times.iloc[i]+window_size/2)]
  70. mask=np.logical_and(insptimes>re_align_point_range[0],insptimes<re_align_point_range[1])
  71. time_shifts=insptimes-event_times.iloc[i]
  73. time_shift=np.random.choice(time_shifts[mask])
  75. all_time_shifts.append(time_shift)
  77. all_time_shifts=(np.asarray(all_time_shifts)*sr).astype(int)
  79. window_array_x=np.stack([np.arange(data.shape[0])]*int(sr*window_size),axis=1)
  80. window_array_y=np.stack([np.arange(int(sr*window_size))]*data.shape[0])+all_time_shifts[:,None]+int(sr*window_size/2)
  81. aligned_data=data[(window_array_x,window_array_y)]
  82. return aligned_data
  84. # %%
  85. mice_ids=sniff_df_P['mouse_id'].unique()
  87. # %%
  88. trace_array_ave=[]
  89. HN_d_interped_ave=[]
  90. dt_p_mice=[]
  92. trace_array_allmice=[]
  93. HN_d_interped_trace_array_allmice=[]
  95. trace_array_p_min_sub=trace_array_p-trace_array_p[:,10000][:,None]
  96. for mouse_id in mice_ids:
  97. mouse_ind=sniff_df_P['mouse_id']==mouse_id
  98. trace_mouse=trace_array_p_min_sub[mouse_ind]
  99. HN_d_interped_mouse=HN_d_interped_all_P[mouse_ind]
  100. dt_p_mouse=dt_p[mouse_ind]
  103. trace_array_mouseave=np.mean(trace_mouse,axis=0)
  104. HN_d_interped_mouseave=np.mean(HN_d_interped_mouse,axis=0)
  105. trace_array_ave.append(trace_array_mouseave)
  106. HN_d_interped_ave.append(HN_d_interped_mouseave)
  107. trace_array_allmice.append(trace_mouse)
  108. HN_d_interped_trace_array_allmice.append(HN_d_interped_mouse)
  111. dt_p_mice.append(dt_p_mouse)
  114. # %%
  115. lowcut=1
  116. highcut=30
  117. order=3
  118. fs=10000
  120. # %%
  121. phase_hist_all=[]
  122. phase_hist_all_shuffled=[]
  123. phase_hist_all_realigned=[]
  124. phase_hist_all_realigned=[]
  125. instantaneous_phase_realigned_all=[]
  126. instantaneous_phase_mouse_all=[]
  127. lowcut=2
  128. γn_all_mice=[]
  129. for i,mouse_traces in enumerate(trace_array_allmice):
  131. mouse_id=mice_ids[i]
  132. mouse_traces_filtered=np.empty((mouse_traces.shape[0],mouse_traces.shape[1]))
  134. for i3 in range(mouse_traces.shape[0]):
  135. mouse_traces_filtered[i3]=butter_bandpass_filter(mouse_traces[i3],lowcut, highcut, fs, order)
  136. analytic_trace_mouse=signal.hilbert(mouse_traces_filtered)
  138. instantaneous_phase_mouse =np.angle(analytic_trace_mouse)
  140. instantaneous_phase_mouse = np.rad2deg(instantaneous_phase_mouse)
  141. instantaneous_phase_t=np.stack([np.arange(instantaneous_phase_mouse.shape[1])*1000/fs-1000]*instantaneous_phase_mouse.shape[0])
  142. instantaneous_phase_shuffled=shuffle_trace(instantaneous_phase_mouse)
  143. mouse_sniff_df=sniff_df_P[sniff_df_P['mouse_id']==mouse_id]
  144. vid_ids=mouse_sniff_df['vid_id'].unique()
  145. instantaneous_phase_realigned=[]
  146. for i2 in range(vid_ids.size):
  148. vid_sniff_df=mouse_sniff_df[mouse_sniff_df['vid_id']==vid_ids[i2]]
  149. vid_df=INSP_df_all2[INSP_df_all2['vid_id']==vid_ids[i2]]
  150. instantaneous_phase_mouse_vid=instantaneous_phase_mouse[mouse_sniff_df['vid_id']==vid_ids[i2]]
  151. event_times=vid_sniff_df['t0']
  152. insptimes=vid_df['t0'][vid_df['IsSniff']==False]
  153. instantaneous_phase_realigned_vid=re_align_trace(instantaneous_phase_mouse_vid,event_times,insptimes)
  154. instantaneous_phase_realigned.append(instantaneous_phase_realigned_vid)
  155. instantaneous_phase_realigned=np.concatenate(instantaneous_phase_realigned,axis=0)
  156. instantaneous_phase_realigned_all.append(instantaneous_phase_realigned)
  158. instantaneous_phase_mouse_all.append(instantaneous_phase_mouse)
  161. phase_hist_mouse=np.histogram2d(instantaneous_phase_t[:,5000:15000].ravel(),(instantaneous_phase_mouse[:,5000:15000]/180).ravel(),[150,36],density=True)
  163. phase_hist_mouse_shuffled=np.histogram2d(instantaneous_phase_t[:,5000:15000].ravel(),(instantaneous_phase_shuffled/180).ravel(),[150,36],density=True)
  165. phase_hist_mouse_realigned=np.histogram2d(instantaneous_phase_t[:,5000:15000].ravel(),(instantaneous_phase_realigned/180).ravel(),[150,36],density=True)
  167. mids=0.5*(phase_hist_mouse[2][1:] + phase_hist_mouse[2][:-1])
  172. phase_hist_mouse=phase_hist_mouse[0]/np.sum(phase_hist_mouse[0],axis=1)[:,None]
  174. phase_hist_mouse_shuffled=phase_hist_mouse_shuffled[0]/np.sum(phase_hist_mouse_shuffled[0],axis=1)[:,None]
  175. phase_hist_mouse_realigned=phase_hist_mouse_realigned[0]/np.sum(phase_hist_mouse_realigned[0],axis=1)[:,None]
  177. phase_hist_all_shuffled.append(phase_hist_mouse_shuffled)
  179. phase_hist_all_realigned.append(phase_hist_mouse_realigned)
  180. phase_hist_all.append(phase_hist_mouse)
  182. γn=1/2*np.sqrt(np.pi/(mouse_traces.shape[0]))
  183. γn_all_mice.append(γn)
  185. # %%
  186. iteration_n=10000
  187. PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations=[]
  188. for i in range (iteration_n):
  189. if i%500==0:
  190. print ('iteration: '+str(round(i/iteration_n,3)*100)+'%')
  192. phase_hist_all_shuffled=[]
  193. phase_hist_all_realigned=[]
  195. lowcut=2
  196. for i,mouse_traces in enumerate(trace_array_allmice):
  198. mouse_id=mice_ids[i]
  199. mouse_traces_filtered=np.empty((mouse_traces.shape[0],mouse_traces.shape[1]))
  201. for i3 in range(mouse_traces.shape[0]):
  202. mouse_traces_filtered[i3]=butter_bandpass_filter(mouse_traces[i3],lowcut, highcut, fs, order)
  203. analytic_trace_mouse=signal.hilbert(mouse_traces_filtered)
  205. instantaneous_phase_mouse =np.angle(analytic_trace_mouse)
  207. instantaneous_phase_mouse = np.rad2deg(instantaneous_phase_mouse)
  208. instantaneous_phase_t=np.stack([np.arange(instantaneous_phase_mouse.shape[1])*1000/fs-1000]*instantaneous_phase_mouse.shape[0])
  209. instantaneous_phase_shuffled=shuffle_trace(instantaneous_phase_mouse)
  210. mouse_sniff_df=sniff_df_P[sniff_df_P['mouse_id']==mouse_id]
  211. vid_ids=mouse_sniff_df['vid_id'].unique()
  212. instantaneous_phase_realigned=[]
  213. for i2 in range(vid_ids.size):
  215. vid_sniff_df=mouse_sniff_df[mouse_sniff_df['vid_id']==vid_ids[i2]]
  216. vid_df=INSP_df_all2[INSP_df_all2['vid_id']==vid_ids[i2]]
  217. instantaneous_phase_mouse_vid=instantaneous_phase_mouse[mouse_sniff_df['vid_id']==vid_ids[i2]]
  218. event_times=vid_sniff_df['t0']
  219. insptimes=vid_df['t0'][vid_df['IsSniff']==False]
  220. instantaneous_phase_realigned_vid=re_align_trace(instantaneous_phase_mouse_vid,event_times,insptimes)
  221. instantaneous_phase_realigned.append(instantaneous_phase_realigned_vid)
  222. instantaneous_phase_realigned=np.concatenate(instantaneous_phase_realigned,axis=0)
  224. phase_hist_mouse=np.histogram2d(instantaneous_phase_t[:,5000:15000].ravel(),(instantaneous_phase_mouse[:,5000:15000]/180).ravel(),[150,36],density=True)
  226. phase_hist_mouse_shuffled=np.histogram2d(instantaneous_phase_t[:,5000:15000].ravel(),(instantaneous_phase_shuffled/180).ravel(),[150,36],density=True)
  228. phase_hist_mouse_realigned=np.histogram2d(instantaneous_phase_t[:,5000:15000].ravel(),(instantaneous_phase_realigned/180).ravel(),[150,36],density=True)
  230. mids=0.5*(phase_hist_mouse[2][1:] + phase_hist_mouse[2][:-1])
  240. phase_hist_mouse=phase_hist_mouse[0]/np.sum(phase_hist_mouse[0],axis=1)[:,None]
  242. phase_hist_mouse_shuffled=phase_hist_mouse_shuffled[0]/np.sum(phase_hist_mouse_shuffled[0],axis=1)[:,None]
  243. phase_hist_mouse_realigned=phase_hist_mouse_realigned[0]/np.sum(phase_hist_mouse_realigned[0],axis=1)[:,None]
  245. phase_hist_all_shuffled.append(phase_hist_mouse_shuffled)
  247. phase_hist_all_realigned.append(phase_hist_mouse_realigned)
  249. phase_2dhist_realigned_ave=np.average(np.stack(phase_hist_all_realigned),axis=0)
  250. PLV_realigned_allmice=[]
  251. for i in range(len(phase_hist_all_realigned)):
  252. phase_2dhist_realigned_mouse=phase_hist_all_realigned[i]
  255. PLV_mouse_realigned=1-circstats.circvar(np.stack([mids*np.pi]*phase_2dhist_realigned_mouse.shape[0]),weights=phase_2dhist_realigned_mouse,axis=-1)
  258. PLV_realigned_allmice.append(PLV_mouse_realigned)
  259. PLV_realigned_allmice_ave=np.mean(np.array(PLV_realigned_allmice),axis=0)
  260. PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations.append(PLV_realigned_allmice_ave)
  261. PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations=np.stack(PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations)
  263. # %%
  264. phase_2dhist_ave=np.average(np.stack(phase_hist_all),axis=0)
  265. phase_2dhist_shuffled_ave=np.average(np.stack(phase_hist_all_shuffled),axis=0)
  266. phase_2dhist_realigned_ave=np.average(np.stack(phase_hist_all_realigned),axis=0)
  268. # %%
  269. phase_hist_mouse_realigned=np.load(out_folder+'\\phase_hist_mouse_realigned.npy')
  271. # %%
  272. phase_2dhist_shuffled_ave=np.load(out_folder+'\\phase_2dhist_shuffled_ave.npy')
  274. # %%
  275. PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations=np.load(out_folder+'\\10000iter_PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations.npy')
  277. # %%
  278. phase_hist_all_shuffled=np.load(out_folder+'\\phase_hist_all_shuffled.npy')
  280. # %%
  281. phase_hist_all_shuffled.shape
  283. # %%
  286. # %%
  287. real_PLV=1-circstats.circvar(np.stack([mids*np.pi]*phase_2dhist_ave.shape[0]),weights=phase_2dhist_ave,axis=1)
  289. # %%
  290. γn_all=1/2*np.sqrt(np.pi/344)
  292. # %%
  293. real_PLV_corected=(real_PLV-γn_all)/(1-γn_all)
  295. # %%
  296. PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations_corrected=(PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations-γn_all)/(1-γn_all)
  298. # %%
  299. cvar_data=np.stack([[mids*np.pi]*phase_hist_all_shuffled.shape[2]]*phase_hist_all_shuffled.shape[1])
  300. PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled=1-circstats.circvar(cvar_data,weights=np.mean(phase_hist_all_shuffled,axis=0),axis=-1)
  302. # %%
  303. PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled_corrected=(PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled-γn_all)/(1-γn_all)
  305. # %%
  306. PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled=PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled_corrected
  307. real_PLV=real_PLV_corected
  308. PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations=PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations_corrected
  312. # %%
  313. y1=weighted_quantiles_ndarray(values=PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled, weights=np.array([1]*PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled.shape[0]), axis=0,quantiles=0.999, interpolate=True)
  314. y2=weighted_quantiles_ndarray(values=PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled, weights=np.array([1]*PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled.shape[0]), axis=0,quantiles=0.001, interpolate=True)
  315. median=weighted_quantiles_ndarray(values=PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled, weights=np.array([1]*PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled.shape[0]), axis=0,quantiles=0.5, interpolate=True)
  318. # %%
  319. phase_hist_all[0].shape
  321. # %%
  322. zoom=1
  324. fig,axearr=plt.subplots(nrows=2,ncols=3,figsize=(5*zoom,3.2*zoom))
  328. ax1 = axearr[0, 0]
  329. ax4 = axearr[1,0]
  330. ax3 = axearr[0, 2]
  331. ax2 =axearr[0, 1]
  332. ax5 =axearr[1, 1]
  333. ax6 =axearr[1, 2]
  336. t_plot=np.array((instantaneous_phase_mouse_all[3].shape[0])*[np.arange(instantaneous_phase_mouse_all[3].shape[1])/fs-1])*1000
  337. set_ax_style(ax1)
  338. ax1.plot(t_plot.T,(instantaneous_phase_mouse_all[3].T)/180,'purple',alpha=0.05,linewidth=0.5)
  339. ax1.plot(t_plot[0],np.mean(instantaneous_phase_mouse_all[3],axis=0)/180,'purple',alpha=0.8)
  340. ax1.set_xbound(-500,500)
  341. ax1.set_yticks(np.arange(-1,1.1,0.25))
  342. ax1.set_yticklabels(['-π','','-π/2','','0','','π/2','','π'])
  343. ax1.set_ybound(-1,1)
  345. ax1.set_xticks([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  346. ax1.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  349. set_ax_style(ax2)
  350. y_plot=np.stack([np.mean(instantaneous_phase_mouse_all[i],axis=0) for i in range(len(instantaneous_phase_mouse_all))])/180
  351. t_plot=np.array((y_plot.shape[0])*[(np.arange((y_plot.shape[1]))/fs-1)*1000])
  352. ax2.plot(t_plot.T,y_plot.T,'purple',alpha=0.3)
  353. ax2.plot(t_plot[0],np.mean(y_plot,axis=0),'purple',alpha=1)
  354. ax2.set_yticks(np.arange(-1,1.1,0.25))
  355. ax2.set_yticklabels(['-π','','-π/2','','0','','π/2','','π'])
  356. ax2.set_xbound(-500,500)
  357. ax2.set_ybound(-1,1)
  358. ax2.set_xticks([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  359. ax2.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  362. set_ax_style(ax4)
  364. ax4.set_yticks(np.arange(0,36.1,4.5))
  365. ax4.set_yticklabels(['-π','','-π/2','','0','','π/2','','π'])
  366. ax4.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  368. ax4.set_xticks([75-60,75-30,75,75+30,75+60])
  369. ax4.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  373. ax1.set_ylabel('Breathing phase',color='k',fontsize=8)
  374. set_ax_style(ax5)
  375. cm_mouse=ax4.pcolormesh((phase_2dhist_ave).T,cmap='seismic',vmin=0,vmax=0.15)
  376. cm_mouse2=ax5.pcolormesh((phase_2dhist_shuffled_ave).T,cmap='seismic',vmin=0,vmax=0.15)
  384. ax4.set_title('Observed',color='r',fontsize=8)
  385. ax5.set_title('Shuffled',color='k',fontsize=8)
  387. ax5.set_yticks(np.arange(0,36.1,4.5))
  388. ax5.set_yticklabels(['-π','','-π/2','','0','','π/2','','π'])
  389. ax5.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  391. ax5.set_xticks([75-60,75-30,75,75+30,75+60])
  392. ax5.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  395. ax5.set_xlabel('Time (ms)',fontsize=8)
  397. ax=ax6
  399. set_ax_style(ax6)
  400. threshold_plv=0.27
  401. ax.axvline(np.argmax(real_PLV>threshold_plv)*1000/150-500,color='r')
  403. weights = np.ones_like(75-(np.argmin((PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations[:,:75]>threshold_plv)[:,::-1],axis=-1))) / len(75-(np.argmin((PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations[:,:75]>threshold_plv)[:,::-1],axis=-1)))
  404. bins=np.arange(50,100,1)*1000/150-500
  405. hist=ax.hist((75-(np.argmin((PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations[:,:75]>threshold_plv)[:,::-1],axis=-1)))*1000/150-500,weights=weights,bins=bins,color='grey')
  406. ax.set_xlabel('Time (s)')
  408. ax.set_ylabel('probability')
  413. ax3.plot(np.arange(real_PLV.shape[0]),real_PLV,'r')
  414. ax3.plot(np.arange(real_PLV.shape[0]),PLV_realigned_allmice_ave_alliterations[3],'b')
  415. ax3.set_xticks([75-60,75-30,75,75+30,75+60])
  416. ax3.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  417. ax3.axvline(75,ls='--',color='k')
  418. ax3.set_ybound([0,1])
  419. ax3.set_xbound([0,150])
  420. #axearr[1].set_ylabel('Breathing Phase',color='k',fontsize=8)
  421. ax3.set_ylabel('PLV',color='k',fontsize=8)
  423. fig.tight_layout()
  433. set_ax_style(ax3)
  434. # #pdf_max_phase_real=np.cumsum(np.max(phase_2dhist_ave,axis=1)/((np.max(phase_2dhist_ave,axis=1).sum()))*100)
  435. # #pdf_max_phase_shuffled=np.cumsum((np.max(phase_2dhist_shuffled_ave,axis=1)/(np.max(phase_2dhist_shuffled_ave,axis=1).sum())*100))
  436. for i in range((len(phase_hist_all))):
  437. ax=ax3
  438. #set_ax_style(ax)
  439. PLV=1-circstats.circvar(np.stack([mids*np.pi]*phase_hist_all[i].shape[0]),weights=phase_hist_all[i],axis=1)
  440. ax.plot(np.arange(PLV.shape[0]),PLV,'r',alpha=0.3)
  443. ax.fill_between(np.arange(np.mean(PLV_mice_avehist_shuffled,axis=0).shape[0]),y1=y1,y2=y2,color='k',alpha=0.5)
  445. fig.savefig(out_folder+'\\fig2ABC.pdf')
  449. # %%
  450. zoom=1
  452. fig,axearr=plt.subplots(nrows=2,ncols=3,figsize=(5*zoom,3.2*zoom))
  454. ax1 = axearr[0, 0]
  455. ax4 = axearr[1,0]
  456. ax3 = axearr[0, 2]
  457. ax2 =axearr[0, 1]
  458. ax5 =axearr[1, 1]
  459. ax6 =axearr[1, 2]
  462. t_plot=np.array((instantaneous_phase_realigned_all[3].shape[0])*[np.arange(instantaneous_phase_realigned_all[3].shape[1])/fs-0.5])*1000
  463. set_ax_style(ax1)
  464. ax1.plot(t_plot.T,(instantaneous_phase_realigned_all[3].T)/180,'purple',alpha=0.05,linewidth=0.5)
  465. ax1.plot(t_plot[0],np.mean(instantaneous_phase_realigned_all[3],axis=0)/180,'purple',alpha=0.8)
  466. ax1.set_xbound(-500,500)
  467. ax1.set_yticks(np.arange(-1,1.1,0.25))
  468. ax1.set_yticklabels(['-π','','-π/2','','0','','π/2','','π'])
  469. ax1.set_ybound(-1,1)
  471. ax1.set_xticks([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  472. ax1.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  475. set_ax_style(ax2)
  476. y_plot=np.stack([np.mean(instantaneous_phase_realigned_all[i],axis=0) for i in range(len(instantaneous_phase_realigned_all))])/180
  477. t_plot=np.array((y_plot.shape[0])*[(np.arange((y_plot.shape[1]))/fs-0.5)*1000])
  478. ax2.plot(t_plot.T,y_plot.T,'purple',alpha=0.3)
  479. ax2.plot(t_plot[0],np.mean(y_plot,axis=0),'purple',alpha=1)
  480. ax2.set_yticks(np.arange(-1,1.1,0.25))
  481. ax2.set_yticklabels(['-π','','-π/2','','0','','π/2','','π'])
  482. ax2.set_xbound(-500,500)
  483. ax2.set_ybound(-1,1)
  484. ax2.set_xticks([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  485. ax2.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  488. set_ax_style(ax3)
  490. ax3.set_yticks(np.arange(0,36.1,4.5))
  491. ax3.set_yticklabels(['-π','','-π/2','','0','','π/2','','π'])
  492. ax3.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  494. ax3.set_xticks([75-60,75-30,75,75+30,75+60])
  495. ax3.set_xticklabels([-400,-200,0,200,400])
  499. ax1.set_ylabel('Breathing phase',color='k',fontsize=8)
  500. set_ax_style(ax5)
  501. cm_mouse=ax3.pcolormesh((phase_2dhist_realigned_ave).T,cmap='seismic',vmin=0,vmax=0.15)
  507. ax3.set_title('Random inspiration',color='r',fontsize=8)
  510. ax=ax6
  512. set_ax_style(ax6)
  515. fig.tight_layout()
  517. fig.savefig(out_folder+'\\figS2.pdf')
  519. # %%
  520. time_intevals=[]
  521. mouse_df=INSP_df_all2[(INSP_df_all2['mouse_id']=='msn05')]
  522. for vid_id in mouse_df['vid_id'].unique():
  523. vid_id_sub=mouse_df[mouse_df['vid_id']==vid_id]
  524. hand_sniffs=vid_id_sub[vid_id_sub['IsSniff']==True]
  525. mouse_id=vid_id_sub['mouse_id'].unique()[0]
  526. hand_sniffs=hand_sniffs[hand_sniffs['foodtype']=='P']['hand_sniff']
  527. pre_durations=[]
  528. time_intevals_df_vid=pd.DataFrame()
  529. for hand_sniff in hand_sniffs:
  530. insp_time_intervals=vid_id_sub['t0'].values-hand_sniff
  531. insp_onset_ind=np.argmin(np.abs(insp_time_intervals))
  532. insp_indexing_arr=insp_onset_ind+np.arange(3)-1
  533. insp_indexing_arr_inrange_mask=insp_indexing_arr[np.logical_and(insp_indexing_arr<(insp_time_intervals.shape[0]),insp_indexing_arr>=0)]
  534. insp_indexing_arr_inrange_mask_type=(np.arange(3)-1)[np.logical_and(insp_indexing_arr<(insp_time_intervals.shape[0]),insp_indexing_arr>=0)]
  535. if (insp_indexing_arr_inrange_mask_type.size>=2) & (insp_indexing_arr_inrange_mask_type[0]==-1):
  536. time_interval=insp_time_intervals[insp_indexing_arr_inrange_mask[insp_indexing_arr_inrange_mask_type==-1]].round(5)
  537. time_intevals.append(time_interval)
  538. else:
  539. pass
  541. time_intevals=np.asarray(time_intevals).ravel()
  542. sorter=np.argsort(time_intevals)
  545. # %%
  546. fig,axearr=plt.subplots(nrows=1,ncols=1,figsize=(6.5/3,2))
  548. fs=10000
  550. set_ax_style(axearr)
  551. ax=axearr
  552. trace_array_plot=trace_array_allmice[3]
  553. norm_data=trace_array_plot-trace_array_plot[:,10000][:,None]
  555. data_plot=norm_data[sorter]
  556. q=10
  557. data_plot=signal.decimate(data_plot, q,axis=-1)
  558. data_plot=signal.decimate(data_plot, q,axis=-1)
  559. data_plot=data_plot*10
  560. cm0=ax.pcolormesh(data_plot,vmin=(np.mean(np.min(data_plot,axis=-1))),vmax=(np.mean(np.max(data_plot,axis=-1))),cmap='Greens_r')
  561. ax.axvline(1*fs/q/q,color='black',ls='--',alpha=1)
  562. ax.set_xticks(np.arange(0,20010/q/q,2000/q/q))
  563. ax.set_yticks(np.arange(0,155,50))
  564. ax.set_xticklabels('')
  565. ax.set_xticks(np.arange(0,20010/q/q,5000/q/q))
  566. ax.set_xticklabels(np.around(np.arange(-1,1.1,0.5),2).astype(str))
  567. ax.set_ylabel('Food Sniffs',fontsize=8)
  568. ax.set_xlabel('Time (s)',fontsize=8)
  569. ax.set_yticks(np.arange(0,155,50))
  570. l_limit=(-0.2+1)*fs
  571. r_limit=(0.2+1)*fs
  573. fig.tight_layout()
  575. fig.savefig(out_folder+'\\fig2D.pdf')
  579. # %%

fig2_figS2.ipynb, under CC-BY-4.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Mang Gao1, John M. Barrett1, Rita Fischer1, Donald R. McCrimmon1, Daniel W. Wesson2, Minghong Ma3, Gordon M. G. Shepherd1
ORCID iDs: Mang Gao, John M. Barrett, Rita Fischer, Donald R. McCrimmon, Daniel W. Wesson, Minghong Ma, Gordon M. G. Shepherd
  1. Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
  2. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Florida Chemical Senses Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
  3. Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Institutions: Northwestern University (United States); University of Florida (United States); University of Pennsylvania (United States)
Journal: Science advances, volume 12, issue 27, article eaed3610
Dates: received 24 October 2025; accepted 21 May 2026; published online 3 July 2026; in print July 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1126/sciadv.aed3610 · PMID 42397911 · PMCID PMC13339859 · OpenAlex W7167208461
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: mouse (organism)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Statistics, Connectivity, Evoked potentials
MeSH: Smell*, Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Feeding Behavior, Male, Mice, Respiration (* major topic)
Journal subjects: Neuroscience
Topic: Neuroscience of respiration and sleep (Endocrine and Autonomic Systems, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: National Institutes of Health (R34DA059723, R37NS061963)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 58 references in the paper

Abstract

Rhythmic sniffing is considered intrinsic to active olfaction among terrestrial mammals. However, mice are known to briefly hold food under their nares while feeding, suggesting coordination of oromanual dexterity, breathing, and olfaction for nonrhythmic single sniffs. Here, we recorded kinematics and breathing as mice foraged and fed, finding that mice indeed, with clockwork-like dexterity and millisecond timing, synchronize a single inspiration with rapid head and hand movements. These solitary food sniffs are associated with abrupt resetting of the breathing rhythm, differ from stereotypical rhythmic sniffing, and exhibit behavioral modulations for different food properties. Olfactory and motor circuit manipulations demonstrate motor cortical dependence rather than reflexive neural control. Our study extends the concept of active olfaction to include this distinct form of complex motor-sensory coordination, features of which accord with the idea of discrete “snapshot” olfaction.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Zenodo 17065558

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Languages: Jupyter (8), Python (6)
Size: 16 files, 14 scripts
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data, code, and materials availability:”
Holds: 8 notebooks
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: NumPy (14 files), SciPy (11 files), pandas (10 files), Matplotlib (9 files), seaborn (9 files), OpenCV (1 file), Pingouin (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
14 files
At the source: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17065558

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

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What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 14 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 5 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

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Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data, code, and materials availability

All data and code needed to evaluate and reproduce the results in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Data for this study are available at the EMBER-DANDI repository (emberarchive.org): https://dandi.emberarchive.org/dandiset/000463 (DOI pending). Code used in this study is available at Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17065558. This study did not generate new materials.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 7 authors, 7 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 55 references.

Cite

This paper

Gao, M., Barrett, J. M., Fischer, R., McCrimmon, D. R., Wesson, D. W., Ma, M., & Shepherd, G. M. G. (2026). Dexterous single sniffs for ethological active olfaction. Science advances, 12(27), eaed3610. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aed3610

BibTeX

@article{gao2026dexterous,
author = {Gao, Mang and Barrett, John M. and Fischer, Rita and McCrimmon, Donald R. and Wesson, Daniel W. and Ma, Minghong and Shepherd, Gordon M. G.},
title = {{Dexterous single sniffs for ethological active olfaction}},
journal = {Science advances},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {12},
number = {27},
pages = {eaed3610},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
issn = {2375-2548},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aed3610},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aed3610},
pmid = {42397911},
pmcid = {PMC13339859}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Gao, Mang
AU - Barrett, John M.
AU - Fischer, Rita
AU - McCrimmon, Donald R.
AU - Wesson, Daniel W.
AU - Ma, Minghong
AU - Shepherd, Gordon M. G.
TI - Dexterous single sniffs for ethological active olfaction
T2 - Science advances
J2 - Sci Adv
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/03
VL - 12
IS - 27
SP - eaed3610
SN - 2375-2548
PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science
DO - 10.1126/sciadv.aed3610
UR - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aed3610
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"title": "Dexterous single sniffs for ethological active olfaction",
"container-title": "Science advances",
"author": [
{
"family": "Gao",
"given": "Mang"
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{
"family": "Barrett",
"given": "John M."
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{
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"volume": "12",
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"DOI": "10.1126/sciadv.aed3610",
"PMID": "42397911",
"PMCID": "PMC13339859",
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"issued": {
"date-parts": [
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3
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]
}
}

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