Integrative multicohort analysis reveals consistent sex differences in gut microbiota of multiple sclerosis patients.
The 7 matches
- [1] § MATERIALS AND METHODS › Data processing for individual studies ↔ 01_dada2_functions.R, lines 72–116 · score 0.72 · minFoldParentOverAbundance, error rate, dereplication, inference, reverse, DADA2
- [2] § MATERIALS AND METHODS › Characterization of microbiota diversity ↔ 04_variability_characterization.R, lines 133–174 · score 0.64 · beta diversity, alpha diversity, Shannon, variability
- [3] § MATERIALS AND METHODS › Individual differential abundance analysis ↔ 05_differential_abundance_analysis.R, lines 257–296 · score 0.59 · variance stabilizing transformation, DESeq2, matrices, females, abundance, Filtered
- [4] § MATERIALS AND METHODS › Microbial association with MS features ↔ 08_MS_associations.R, lines 106–155 · score 0.58 · dunn.test, Kruskal Wallis, numerical, variables, MS
- [5] § MATERIALS AND METHODS › Individual differential abundance analysis ↔ 08_MS_associations.R, lines 158–205 · score 0.57 · variance stabilizing transformation, DESeq2, Wilcoxon, matrices, Filtered, MS
- [6] § MATERIALS AND METHODS › Data processing for individual studies ↔ 02_assign_taxonomy.R, lines 19–92 · score 0.51 · family, kingdom, phylum, unclassified, Taxonomic, genus
- [7] § RESULTS › The sex-differentially abundant genera Eggerthella and Eisenbergiella are associated with MS clinical features ↔ 08_MS_associations.R, lines 207–279 · score 0.50 · variance stabilizing transformation, Normalized abundance, VST, subtype, Eisenbergiella, Eggerthella
Paper
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The authors' code
R · 280 lines · 9.3 KB · no license · 3 matches
08_MS_associations.R at commit 2503daa, no license · at the source
Overview
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Principe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Comparative and Regenerative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
- Systems Biology and Multiomics Research Group, IREC, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
Abstract
Biological sex is a key determinant in the onset and progression of multiple diseases. In multiple sclerosis (MS), females exhibit higher disease prevalence, earlier onset, and more pronounced inflammatory activity, whereas males tend to experience a more severe neurodegenerative course, characterized by accelerated central nervous system damage and increased brain atrophy. The gut microbiome has emerged as a critical factor in MS, as its composition can either ameliorate or exacerbate disease progression. In this study, we aimed to identify reproducible sex-associated differences in gut microbial composition across independent cohorts of MS patients. Through a systematic search, we identified six independent studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, comprising a total of 337 samples. Despite substantial interstudy variability, sex-associated differences were more pronounced in MS patients than in healthy controls. We identified 11 microbial taxa showing significant sex-associated differences in MS, nine enriched in females, and two in males. Notably, the female-enriched taxa Eggerthella and Eisenbergiella were associated with specific MS subtypes and higher disability. To facilitate the use of our findings by the scientific community, we developed a freely accessible web-based tool that provides full access to our results. Thus, in this work, we identified consistent and reproducible sex differences in the gut microbiota of MS patients, highlighting the importance of incorporating sex as a critical variable in microbiome research, with potential implications for understanding disease heterogeneity in MS.
IMPORTANCE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects females and males differently, but the biological reasons behind these differences are not fully understood. One potential factor is the gut microbiome (i.e., the community of microorganisms living in our intestines), which can influence immune function and disease progression. In this study, we analyzed data from multiple independent cohorts and found consistent differences in gut microbial composition between female and male MS patients. Notably, certain bacteria were more abundant in females and were linked to more severe disease features. We also developed a freely accessible web tool where researchers can explore the complete findings in detail. Our results highlight the importance of considering sex as a key factor in microbiome research and may help guide more personalized approaches to understanding and treating MS.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
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IrSoler/cbl-metaanalysis-16SMS
2503daac244ecb30dc276c4c5d47755fc45910ad, 26 February 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
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- 01_dada2.R — R, 126 lines, shown from its source
- 01_dada2_functions.R — R, 118 lines, 1 match, shown from its source
- 02_assign_taxonomy.R — R, 121 lines, 1 match, shown from its source
- 03_exploratory_analysis.
R — R, 70 lines, shown from its source - 04_variability_character
ization.R — R, 309 lines, 1 match, shown from its source - 05_differential_abundanc
e_analysis.R — R, 397 lines, 1 match, shown from its source - 06_meta-analysis.R — R, 210 lines, shown from its source
- 07_validation.R — R, 209 lines, shown from its source
- 08_MS_associations.R — R, 280 lines, 3 matches, shown from its source
- README.md — Text, 1 line, shown from its source
irsoler.shinyapps.io/metaanalisis_16s_ms
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The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
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Data
Datasets cited
- bioproject:PRJEB32762 — at NCBI BioProject; found in “DATA AVAILABILITY”
- bioproject:PRJEB34168 — at NCBI BioProject; found in “DATA AVAILABILITY”
- bioproject:PRJEB67783 — at NCBI BioProject; found in “DATA AVAILABILITY”
- bioproject:PRJEB99111 — at NCBI BioProject; found in “DATA AVAILABILITY”
- bioproject:PRJNA565173 — at NCBI BioProject; found in “DATA AVAILABILITY”
- bioproject:PRJNA684124 — at NCBI BioProject; found in “DATA AVAILABILITY”
- bioproject:PRJNA732670 — at NCBI BioProject; found in “DATA AVAILABILITY”
Data availability
The data sets analyzed in this work are publicly available: PRJNA684124 (https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 7 authors, 7 keywords, 10 MeSH terms, 3 funders, 81 references.
Cite
This paper
Soler-Sáez, I., Galiana-Roselló, C., Grillo-Risco, R., Falony, G., Tepavčević, V., Vieira-Silva, S., & García-García, F. (2026). Integrative multicohort analysis reveals consistent sex differences in gut microbiota of multiple sclerosis patients. mSystems, 11(8), e00416-26. https://
BibTeX
@article{solersaez2026in
author = {Soler-Sáez, Irene and Galiana-Roselló, Cristina and Grillo-Risco, Rubén and Falony, Gwen and Tepavčević, Vanja and Vieira-Silva, Sara and García-García, Francisco},
title = {{Integrative multicohort analysis reveals consistent sex differences in gut microbiota of multiple sclerosis patients}},
journal = {mSystems},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {11},
number = {8},
pages = {e00416--26},
publisher = {American Society for Microbiology (ASM)},
issn = {2379-5077},
doi = {10.1128/
url = {https://
pmid = {42484622},
pmcid = {PMC13483414}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Soler-Sáez, Irene
AU - Galiana-Roselló, Cristina
AU - Grillo-Risco, Rubén
AU - Falony, Gwen
AU - Tepavčević, Vanja
AU - Vieira-Silva, Sara
AU - García-García, Francisco
TI - Integrative multicohort analysis reveals consistent sex differences in gut microbiota of multiple sclerosis patients
T2 - mSystems
J2 - mSystems
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 11
IS - 8
SP - e00416
EP - 26
SN - 2379-5077
PB - American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
DO - 10.1128/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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