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Different modality-specific mechanisms mediate serial dependence effects in visual and auditory perception.

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 446 lines · 14 KB · no license

  2. %% Exp. 1 Auditory modality - frequency selectivity condition
  4. clear all;
  5. close all;
  6. clc;
  8. rng shuffle
  11. % Force GetSecs and WaitSecs into memory to avoid latency later on:
  12. GetSecs;
  13. WaitSecs(0.1);
  15. %% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  16. %% EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS - CHECK IT CAREFULLY BEFORE RUNNING!
  18. subj = 'XXXX'; % SUBJ ID
  19. experimental_condition = 1;
  20. num_blocks=5;
  22. numTrials = 112; % number of trials
  24. %% testing parameters
  25. probe_dur = [.100 .125 .160 .200 .250 .320 .400];
  26. ref_dur = [.200];
  27. ind_dur = [.100 .400];
  29. %% combine name and condition for filename
  31. IDsubj=[strcat(subj,'_', num2str(experimental_condition))];
  34. %% control variables
  35. situation=1; %ignore this variable
  37. %% Screen dimension and distance
  38. horiz_dim = 53.3; % cm
  39. distance = 57; % distance from the screen
  41. %% PATH INFO
  42. %% set path for the experiment folder
  44. % PATH TO USE ON ACTUAL SETUP
  45. main_path='XXXXX';
  46. stat_data_path='XXXX\stat';
  47. stimuli_path='XXXX\stimuli';
  48. params_path='XXXXX\params';
  52. res_fn_txt = fullfile(stat_data_path,sprintf('%s-%01g.txt',subj,experimental_condition));
  55. % Check if the path is correct
  56. try
  57. cd (main_path);
  58. catch
  59. disp('Define a position in the actual file system');
  60. return
  61. end
  63. %% Keybord parameters
  65. KbName('UnifyKeyNames');
  66. escapeKey = KbName('return');
  68. %% Switch response buttons according to the side of reference stimulus
  70. cont_key = KbName('C');
  71. abortKey=KbName('q');
  73. %% initialize
  75. commandwindow;
  76. HideCursor;
  79. %% Open window
  81. screen_num = max(Screen('Screens'));
  83. [w,rect]=Screen('OpenWindow',screen_num,128);
  84. Screen('BlendFunction', w, GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
  85. Screen('Preference', 'TextRenderer', 1);
  86. Screen('Preference', 'TextAlphaBlending', 1);
  87. Screen('Preference', 'TextAntiAliasing', [], 1);
  90. %% Gamma linearization
  92. lum=linspace(0,1,256)';
  93. gammatable=[lum lum lum].^(1./2.2);
  94. Screen('LoadNormalizedGammaTable', screen_num, gammatable ,0);
  96. %% Screen parameters
  97. [xc,yc]=RectCenter(rect); % screen center coordinates
  98. if ismac
  99. fps = 60; % Just for debug
  100. else
  101. fps = Screen('FrameRate',w); % frames per second
  102. end
  103. ppd = pi * (rect(3)-rect(1)) / atan(horiz_dim/distance/2) / 360; % pixels per degree
  106. %% Central Fixpoint parameters - cross
  108. fromHc1 = xc-8;
  109. fromVc1 = yc;
  110. toHc1 = xc+8;
  111. toVc1 = yc;
  112. fromHc2 = xc;
  113. fromVc2 = yc-8;
  114. toHc2 = xc;
  115. toVc2 = yc+8;
  117. %% Initial flip
  118. Screen('Flip',w);
  120. %% start drawing the fixation point
  122. Screen('DrawLine', w, [255 0 0], fromHc1, fromVc1, toHc1, toVc1 ,1);
  123. Screen('DrawLine', w, [255 0 0], fromHc2, fromVc2, toHc2, toVc2 ,1);
  124. Screen('Flip',w);
  125. pause(.1)
  127. radiusMin=1;
  129. t=0;
  130. matIndex=0;
  132. %% Welcome and instructions screen
  134. font_instr = 'Arial';
  135. size_instr = 28;
  137. instructions{1} = ['Welcome to the experiment!\n\n']; %,...
  138. instructions{2} = ['[Wait for Experimenter Trigger].\n\n']; %,...
  140. % Set font parameters
  141. Screen('TextFont', w, font_instr);
  142. Screen('TextStyle', w, 0);
  143. Screen('TextSize', w, size_instr);
  145. % Welcome and instructions screen
  146. for i = 1 : length(instructions)
  148. DrawFormattedText(w, instructions{i}, 'center', 'center', [0 0 0], 60, [], [], 1.5);
  149. vbl = Screen('Flip', w);
  151. % Check until the release of the key
  152. [secs, keyCode, deltaSecs] = KbJstWait([], Inf);
  154. if keyCode(abortKey)
  156. % Return to standard gamma
  157. lum = linspace(0,1,256)';
  158. gammatable = [lum lum lum];
  159. Screen('LoadNormalizedGammaTable', screen_num, gammatable ,0);
  161. Screen('CloseAll');
  162. ShowCursor;
  163. ListenChar(0);
  164. Priority(0);
  165. return;
  166. end
  167. end
  169. data.header = {'Block','Trial','RefConn','NAN','ProbeNum','Resp','RT'};
  170. %
  171. % % Write to File
  172. dev.foutid = fopen(res_fn_txt, 'w');
  173. fprintf(dev.foutid, '# Subject : %04g\r\n', subj);
  174. fprintf(dev.foutid, '# Session : %01g\r\n', experimental_condition);
  175. fprintf(dev.foutid, '# Date : %s\r\n', uniqueclock);
  176. fprintf(dev.foutid, '# Header :');
  177. for iheader = 1 : length(data.header)
  178. fprintf(dev.foutid, ' %s', data.header{iheader});
  179. end
  180. fprintf(dev.foutid, '\r\n');
  182. numerosity_indexes = [];
  184. %% Initialize PsychPortAudio
  185. InitializePsychSound(1)
  186. d=PsychPortAudio('GetDevices');
  187. pa = PsychPortAudio('Open',2);
  190. for iblock = 1:num_blocks
  192. % Perform one warmup trial, to get the sound hardware fully up and running,
  193. % performing whatever lazy initialization only happens at real first use.
  194. % This "useless" warmup will allow for lower latency for start of playback
  195. % during actual use of the audio driver in the real trials:
  196. mysound=PsychPortAudio('FillBuffer' ,pa, [0 0 0; 0 0 0]); %repmat(soundmatrix,nchannel,1));
  197. PsychPortAudio('Start', pa, 1, 0, 1);
  198. PsychPortAudio('Stop', pa, 1);
  200. cd (main_path)
  201. respbox=[];
  203. inducer_arrays={};
  204. probe_arrays={};
  205. ref_arrays={};
  207. stimuli_conds = ones(4,(length(probe_dur)*8)+3);
  209. %% START TRIAL LOOP
  210. for trial=1:numTrials
  212. %% STACK PROCEDURE TO RANDOMIZE REFERENCE PRESENTATION
  214. stimuli_num = ((1:(length(probe_dur))*8));
  215. ind1=ones(1,length(probe_dur)).*ind_dur(1);
  216. ind2=ones(1,length(probe_dur)).*ind_dur(2);
  218. f1 = ones(1,length(probe_dur)).*1;
  219. f2 = ones(1,length(probe_dur)).*2;
  221. stimuli_conds = [probe_dur probe_dur probe_dur probe_dur probe_dur probe_dur probe_dur probe_dur; ...
  222. ind1 ind2 ind1 ind2 ind1 ind2 ind1 ind2; ...
  223. f1 f1 f2 f2 f1 f1 f2 f2];
  226. if length(numerosity_indexes) > 1 %pop value
  227. numerosity_indexes = numerosity_indexes(2:end);
  228. else
  229. numerosity_indexes = Shuffle(stimuli_num); %push new sequence if the stack had only one value
  231. end
  233. chosen_index = numerosity_indexes(1); %look at top value
  234. chosen_dur = stimuli_conds(1,chosen_index);
  235. chosen_ind = stimuli_conds(2,chosen_index);
  236. chosen_freq = stimuli_conds(3,chosen_index);
  238. %% sound params
  239. nchannel=2; % number of channels (2 if you have two speakers)
  240. Ind_SoundDuration = chosen_ind;
  241. Ref_SoundDuration = ref_dur;
  242. Probe_SoundDuration = chosen_dur;
  244. % PauseDuration = round(0.08*fps)/fps;
  245. sampRate = 44100;
  247. if chosen_freq==1
  248. indfreq = 700;
  249. elseif chosen_freq==2
  250. indfreq = 1100;
  251. end
  253. testfreq = 700;
  255. Ind_SoundLength = sampRate * Ind_SoundDuration; % length of the sound
  256. Ref_SoundLength = sampRate * Ref_SoundDuration; % length of the sound
  257. Probe_SoundLength = sampRate * Probe_SoundDuration; % length of the sound
  259. indSoundwave = 0.5* ( sin (2*pi*indfreq * Ind_SoundDuration* [1:Ind_SoundLength]./ Ind_SoundLength));
  260. refSoundwave = 0.5* ( sin (2*pi*testfreq * Ref_SoundDuration* [1:Ref_SoundLength]./ Ref_SoundLength)) ;
  261. probeSoundwave = 0.5* ( sin (2*pi*testfreq * Probe_SoundDuration* [1:Probe_SoundLength]./ Probe_SoundLength)) ;
  264. % smooth the wave to avoid "clicks" at the start of the sound
  265. lenght_smoothing=round(.002*sampRate); % define the length of the smoothing
  266. modulation_ind=indSoundwave*0+1;
  267. modulation_ind(1:lenght_smoothing+1)=0:1/lenght_smoothing:1;
  268. modulation_ind(end:-1:end-lenght_smoothing)=0:1/lenght_smoothing:1;
  269. indSoundwave=[indSoundwave.*modulation_ind]; % apply smoothing
  271. modulation_ref=refSoundwave*0+1;
  272. modulation_ref(1:lenght_smoothing+1)=0:1/lenght_smoothing:1;
  273. modulation_ref(end:-1:end-lenght_smoothing)=0:1/lenght_smoothing:1;
  274. refSoundwave=[refSoundwave.*modulation_ref]; % apply smoothing
  276. modulation_probe=probeSoundwave*0+1;
  277. modulation_probe(1:lenght_smoothing+1)=0:1/lenght_smoothing:1;
  278. modulation_probe(end:-1:end-lenght_smoothing)=0:1/lenght_smoothing:1;
  279. probeSoundwave=[probeSoundwave.*modulation_probe];
  282. soundmatrix_ind=[indSoundwave; indSoundwave];
  284. soundmatrix_ref=[refSoundwave; refSoundwave];
  286. soundmatrix_probe=[probeSoundwave; probeSoundwave];
  289. %% random isi (to be added to a fixed value)
  291. isi1 = [0.2:0.05:0.25];
  292. isi1 = Shuffle(isi1);
  293. isi1 = isi1(1);
  295. isi2 = [0.35:0.05:0.45];
  296. isi2 = Shuffle(isi2);
  297. isi2 = isi2(1);
  299. iti = [0.4:0.05:0.5];
  300. iti = Shuffle(iti);
  301. iti = iti(1);
  303. %% display fixation point
  305. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 0 0], fromHc1, fromVc1, toHc1, toVc1 ,3);
  306. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 0 0], fromHc2, fromVc2, toHc2, toVc2 ,3);
  308. Screen('Flip',w);
  309. pause(0.3);
  311. %% Stime phases
  313. % Reference - 5 different timings, 25ms intervals
  314. which_ref_time = [0 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100];
  315. which_ref_time = Shuffle(which_ref_time);
  316. which_ref_time = which_ref_time(1);
  318. %% PRESENT STIMULI
  319. PsychPortAudio('DeleteBuffer'); % delete buffer to be sure
  320. mysound=PsychPortAudio('FillBuffer' ,pa, soundmatrix_ind); %repmat(soundmatrix,nchannel,1));
  322. start_time = GetSecs;
  324. Screen('DrawLine', w, [90 90 90], fromHc1, fromVc1, toHc1, toVc1 ,3);
  325. Screen('DrawLine', w, [90 90 90], fromHc2, fromVc2, toHc2, toVc2 ,3);
  326. Screen('Flip',w);
  327. WaitSecs(0.5);
  329. ind_onset=GetSecs;
  330. PsychPortAudio('Start', pa);
  332. Screen('DrawLine', w, [90 90 90], fromHc1, fromVc1, toHc1, toVc1 ,3);
  333. Screen('DrawLine', w, [90 90 90], fromHc2, fromVc2, toHc2, toVc2 ,3);
  334. Screen('Flip',w);
  335. WaitSecs(chosen_ind);
  336. ind_offset = GetSecs;
  338. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 0 0], fromHc1, fromVc1, toHc1, toVc1 ,3);
  339. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 0 0], fromHc2, fromVc2, toHc2, toVc2 ,3);
  340. Screen('Flip',w);
  341. WaitSecs(0.02);
  343. PsychPortAudio('DeleteBuffer'); % delete buffer to be sure
  344. mysound=PsychPortAudio('FillBuffer' ,pa, soundmatrix_ref); %repmat(soundmatrix,nchannel,1));
  346. WaitSecs(isi1+which_ref_time);
  348. ref_onset=GetSecs;
  349. PsychPortAudio('Start', pa);
  350. WaitSecs(ref_dur);
  352. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 0 0], fromHc1, fromVc1, toHc1, toVc1 ,3);
  353. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 0 0], fromHc2, fromVc2, toHc2, toVc2 ,3);
  354. Screen('Flip',w);
  355. WaitSecs(0.02);
  357. PsychPortAudio('DeleteBuffer'); % delete buffer to be sure
  358. mysound=PsychPortAudio('FillBuffer' ,pa, soundmatrix_probe); %repmat(soundmatrix,nchannel,1));
  359. WaitSecs(isi2);
  361. probe_onset=GetSecs;
  362. PsychPortAudio('Start', pa);
  363. WaitSecs(chosen_dur);
  364. WaitSecs(0.05);
  367. Screen('DrawLine', w, [255 0 0], fromHc1, fromVc1, toHc1, toVc1 ,3);
  368. Screen('DrawLine', w, [255 0 0], fromHc2, fromVc2, toHc2, toVc2 ,3);
  369. Screen('Flip',w);
  371. %% RESPONSE COLLECTION
  373. resp_time = GetSecs;
  375. [pressedkey, timepress]=respkey('2','3','q','SPACE');
  377. pressedkey=pressedkey-1;
  379. % press Q to exit
  380. if pressedkey ==2
  381. situation=0;
  382. break
  383. end
  385. respbox=[respbox; iblock trial pressedkey chosen_dur chosen_ind NaN chosen_freq which_ind_time which_ref_time ref_dur ... % 1-10
  386. NaN timepress-resp_time NaN ref_onset-start_time NaN ind_onset-start_time ref_onset-ind_offset probe_onset-ind_offset ... %11-20
  387. NaN probe_onset-start_time NaN iti NaN indfreq testfreq NaN timepress-resp_time NaN];
  389. fprintf(dev.foutid,'%g\t%g\t%g\t%.f\t%g\t%.3f\t%.3f\t%g\t%.3f\r\n',...
  390. iblock, trial, chosen_ind, NaN, chosen_dur, NaN, which_ref_time, pressedkey, timepress-resp_time);
  391. fprintf('%g\t%g\t%g\t%.f\t%g\t%.3f\t%.3f\t%g\t%.3f\r\n',...
  392. iblock, trial, chosen_ind, NaN, chosen_dur, NaN, which_ref_time, pressedkey, timepress-resp_time);
  396. %% flash a green fixpoint after respnse
  398. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 255 0], fromHc1, fromVc1, toHc1, toVc1 ,3);
  399. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 255 0], fromHc2, fromVc2, toHc2, toVc2 ,3);
  400. Screen('Flip',w);
  401. pause(.15);
  403. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 0 0], fromHc1, fromVc1, toHc1, toVc1 ,3);
  404. Screen('DrawLine', w, [0 0 0], fromHc2, fromVc2, toHc2, toVc2 ,3);
  405. Screen('Flip',w);
  407. pause(iti);
  411. end
  413. if situation==0
  414. break
  415. Screen('CloseAll');
  416. end
  418. exp_cond_id=num2str(experimental_condition);
  420. if situation % if you stopped the experiment don't save data
  421. cd data
  422. if size(respbox,1)>5 % save if RESPBOX contains at least 5 trials
  423. save([subj '_' exp_cond_id '_' uniqueclock ], 'respbox');
  424. end
  425. end
  427. if iblock==num_blocks
  428. DrawFormattedText(w, 'This is the end of the condition', 'center', 'center', [0 0 0], 60, [], [], 1.5);
  429. else
  430. DrawFormattedText(w, 'This is the end of one block. Press any key to continue', 'center', 'center', [0 0 0], 60, [], [], 1.5);
  431. end
  432. vbl = Screen('Flip', w);
  433. KbWait;
  436. end
  439. % Return to standard gamma
  441. lum=linspace(0,1,256)';
  442. gammatable=[lum lum lum];
  443. Screen('LoadNormalizedGammaTable', screen_num, gammatable ,0);
  445. Screen('CloseAll');

Exp_1_Aud_diffFreq.m, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Irene Togoli1,2, Michele Fornaciai1,2, Domenica Bueti2
  1. Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste,Trieste, Italy
  2. International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA),Trieste, Italy
Institutions: University of Trieste (Italy); Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (Italy)
Journal: BMC biology, volume 24, issue 1, article 95
Dates: received 9 July 2025; accepted 12 January 2026; published online 4 March 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1186/s12915-026-02515-9 · PMID 41776494 · PMCID PMC13067438 · OpenAlex W7133315529
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: EEG (modality), human (organism), cognitive (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Preprocessing, Evoked potentials, Single-unit activity, calcium imaging, Machine learning
Keywords: Perceptual history, Serial dependence, EEG, Time perception
MeSH: Auditory Perception*, Visual Perception*, Acoustic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Time Perception (* major topic)
Topic: Multisensory perception and integration (Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Psychology), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca (J93C25000610006, J93C25000630006, R16X32NALR); HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (838823); European Research Council (682117)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 61 references in the paper

Abstract

Background: Perceptual history plays an important role in sensory processing and decision making, shaping how we perceive and judge external objects and events. Indeed, past stimuli can bias what we are currently seeing in an attractive fashion, making a current stimulus appear more similar to a preceding one than it actually is. Such attractive “serial dependence” effects concern virtually every aspect of perception, suggesting that they may reflect a fundamental principle of brain processing. However, it is unclear whether the ubiquitous nature of serial dependence is due to an underlying centralised mechanism, or to the existence of separate mechanisms implemented independently in different perceptual pathways. Here we address this question by assessing the behavioural and neural signature of serial dependence in the auditory and visual sensory modality (in separate conditions), in the context of time perception.

Results: Our results first show a double dissociation between the two modalities, whereby auditory serial dependence is selective for the features of the stimuli (i.e. reduced effect when successive stimuli have different features) but not their position, and vice versa in vision. Electroencephalography results further support a difference between the visual and auditory modality, demonstrating that the signature of serial dependence unfolds according to different dynamics in the two modalities.

Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that the serial dependence effect is mediated by different and at least partially independent modality-specific mechanisms, potentially based on the same computational principle implemented in different sensory pathways.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

OSF 7ex9y

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 30 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 14 files
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: Psychtoolbox (12 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 30 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
13 files
At the source: osf.io/7ex9y/

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 13 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

All the data generated during the experiments described in this manuscript and the experimental code is freely available on Open Science Framework at this link: https://osf.io/7ex9y/ (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/7EX9Y).

(DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/7EX9Y).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 3 authors, 4 keywords, 9 MeSH terms, 3 funders, 60 references.

Cite

This paper

Togoli, I., Fornaciai, M., & Bueti, D. (2026). Different modality-specific mechanisms mediate serial dependence effects in visual and auditory perception. BMC biology, 24(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-026-02515-9

BibTeX

@article{togoli2026different,
author = {Togoli, Irene and Fornaciai, Michele and Bueti, Domenica},
title = {{Different modality-specific mechanisms mediate serial dependence effects in visual and auditory perception}},
journal = {BMC biology},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {95},
publisher = {BMC},
issn = {1741-7007},
doi = {10.1186/s12915-026-02515-9},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-026-02515-9},
pmid = {41776494},
pmcid = {PMC13067438}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Togoli, Irene
AU - Fornaciai, Michele
AU - Bueti, Domenica
TI - Different modality-specific mechanisms mediate serial dependence effects in visual and auditory perception
T2 - BMC biology
J2 - BMC Biol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/03/04
VL - 24
IS - 1
SP - 95
SN - 1741-7007
PB - BMC
DO - 10.1186/s12915-026-02515-9
UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-026-02515-9
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"id": "10.1186/s12915-026-02515-9",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Different modality-specific mechanisms mediate serial dependence effects in visual and auditory perception",
"container-title": "BMC biology",
"author": [
{
"family": "Togoli",
"given": "Irene"
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{
"family": "Fornaciai",
"given": "Michele"
},
{
"family": "Bueti",
"given": "Domenica"
}
],
"container-title-short": "BMC Biol",
"volume": "24",
"issue": "1",
"page": "95",
"DOI": "10.1186/s12915-026-02515-9",
"PMID": "41776494",
"PMCID": "PMC13067438",
"ISSN": "1741-7007",
"publisher": "BMC",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-026-02515-9",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
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4
]
]
}
}

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[10] doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0154-26.2026 [code]
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