Gene expression profiling enables refined parcellation of cortical layers in the heterogeneous human cerebral cortex.
The 19 matches
- [1] § Results › Accurate distribution of cortical cell types through GD-Ls ↔ Cellbin/11_cellbin.snRNA.cor.ipynb, lines 32–56 · score 0.92 · L6 CT neurons, Car3 neurons, PVALB neurons, VIP neurons, RELN neurons, L6b neurons
- [2] § Results › Accurate distribution of cortical cell types through GD-Ls ↔ Cellbin/01_snRNA.UMAP.ipynb, lines 52–74 · score 0.92 · L6 CT neurons, Car3 neurons, PVALB neurons, VIP neurons, RELN neurons, L6b neurons
- [3] § Methods › Unsupervised clustering and benchmarking for cortical parcellation ↔ Cellbin/07_Uniport-Spann.ipynb, lines 12–105 · score 0.88 · AnnData, T_names, UMAP visualization, Scanpy, Leiden, neighbor
- [4] § Methods › Stereo-seq cell type annotation ↔ Cellbin/07_Uniport-Spann.ipynb, lines 12–105 · score 0.87 · lambda_cd, lambda_nb, lambda_spa, SPANN, maxiter, torch
- [5] § Methods › Stereo-seq cell type annotation ↔ Cellbin/04_Cell2location.ipynb, lines 37–95 · score 0.80 · train_size, batch_size, Cell2location, max_epochs, Model
- [6] § Methods › Stereo-seq cell type annotation ↔ Cellbin/08_Tangram.ipynb, lines 38–81 · score 0.79 · density_prior, num_epochs, map cells, Tangram, space, rna
- [7] § Methods › Stereo-seq cell type annotation ↔ Cellbin/02_Spotlight.ipynb, lines 10–75 · score 0.77 · SPOTlight, getTopHVGs, weight_id, auc, seq, genes
- [8] § Results › Gene-expression-defined parcellation of human cortical layers ↔ Cellbin/11_cellbin.snRNA.cor.ipynb, lines 32–56 · score 0.74 · L6b neurons, C1QL2, COL5A2, RORB, CCN2, KRT17
- [9] § Results › Gene-expression-defined parcellation of human cortical layers ↔ Binsize/05.BayesVisualization.ipynb, lines 104–115 · score 0.73 · C1QL2, COL5A2, blood, MBP, RORB, PCP4
- [10] § Methods › XGBoost-based label transfer ↔ Binsize/07.xgboost.ARI.ipynb, lines 252–385 · score 0.71 · confusion matrices, XGBoost classifier, trained, ARI, predict
- [11] § Methods › Stereo-seq cell type annotation ↔ Cellbin/03_Seurat.ipynb, lines 25–48 · score 0.71 · FindTransferAnchors, reference.reduction, Seurat, pca, mapping, dims
- [12] § Methods › Quantification of laminar disorganization ↔ Binsize/10.Degree_of_GroupIII_Disturbance.ipynb, lines 329–348 · score 0.69 · Benjamini Hochberg FDR, Wilcoxon, entropy, weighted, Bayes20
- [13] § Methods › Sensitivity analysis for bin-size selection ↔ Binsize/01.SensitivityAnalysis_BinsizeSelection.ipynb, lines 153–173 · score 0.68 · spatial coherence, adjusted Rand, manual layers, NMI, bin, purity
- [14] § Methods › Stereo-seq cell type annotation ↔ Cellbin/06_RCTD.ipynb, lines 16–34 · score 0.68 · min_UMI, n_max_cells, RCTD, Stereo
- [15] § Methods › Stereo-seq cell type annotation ↔ Cellbin/05_Destvi.ipynb, lines 50–95 · score 0.66 · DestVI, max_epochs, scvi, model, training, cell
- [16] § Methods › Cell subtype identification ↔ Binsize/02.merge.debach.bayes.ipynb, lines 83–88 · score 0.66 · FindClusters, FindNeighbors, Harmony, resolutions, dims
- [17] § Results › GD-Ls accurately delineate cortical layers across species ↔ Binsize/06.Anno.Layer.ipynb, lines 64–72 · score 0.63 · C1QL2, COL5A2, Fabp7, LAMP5, KRT17, RELN
- [18] § Methods › Unsupervised clustering and benchmarking for cortical parcellation ↔ Cellbin/04_Cell2location.ipynb, lines 37–95 · score 0.63 · T_names, hyperparameter, variation, detection, AnnData, Batch
- [19] § Methods › Visualization of Allen Brain Atlas ISH data ↔ Binsize/example_data/00.Bin1gef2Binsize_file.ipynb, lines 40–57 · score 0.56 · Human Brain Atlas, quality, tissue, cortex, genes
Paper
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The authors' code
Jupyter notebook · 161 lines · 5.7 KB · MIT · 2 matches
- # %%
- ###
- library(dplyr)
- library(Matrix)
- library(data.table)
- library(Seurat)
- library(ggplot2)
- library(RColorBrewer)
- library(Seurat)
- library(ggplot2)
- library (tidyverse)
- library(RColorBrewer)
- library(cowplot)
- library(pheatmap)
- library(deldir)
- cols = c(brewer.pal(9, "Set1"),brewer.pal(8,"Set2")[1:8],brewer.pal(12,"Paired")[1:12],brewer.pal(8,"Dark2")[1:8],brewer.pal(8,"Accent"),brewer.pal(12, "Set3"),brewer.pal(9,"Pastel1"),brewer.pal(8,"Pastel2"))
- best_color = c("#EA5514", "#D23918", "#FFB400", "#99F880", "#da32e9",
- "#00e2ff", "#832aff", "#008396", "#01fac9", "#940202",
- "#01fa65", "#00adff", "#058d32", "#c10265", "#bea013",
- "#bcbe13", "#FF0000", "#ebb076", "#fa5a03", "#e06565",
- "#7E9853", "#6565bc", "#b5a48d", "#90734e", "#88C6CE")
- # %%
- seuobj = readRDS(paste0('/data/Celbin.seurat.rds'))
- # %%
- head(seuobj)
- table(seuobj$CellType_Spatialid)
- # %%
- ###cellbin celltype marker gene dotplot
- data = NormalizeData(seuobj)
- celltype.levels = c("L2 IT neurons", "L2/3 IT neurons", "L3 IT neurons", "L3-6 IT neurons", "L3/4 IT neurons",
- "L4 IT neurons", "L4/5 IT neurons", "L5 ET neurons", "L5/6 CAR3 neurons", "L5/6 NP neurons",
- "L6 CT neurons", "L6 IT neurons", "L6b neurons",
- 'SST neurons','SST CHODL neurons','VIP neurons','PVALB neurons','PVALB Chandelier neurons','LAMP5 neurons','RELN neurons',
- 'Oligodendrocytes','Oligodendrocyte precursor cells','Astrocytes','Microglia',
- 'Vascular cells')
- names(best_color) = celltype
- marker=unique(c("SLC17A7","KCNIP4","C1QL2","CUX2","HS6ST3" ,'COL5A2',"RORB",'PDYN','POU3F1','GRM8','SCN4B',"SCN4B" ,
- 'NTNG2',"HTR2C" ,"SEMA3E" ,"SYT6" ,"CCN2","KRT17",'LRP1B',
- "GAD1","GAD2",'LHX6', "SST",'VIP','MEPE','PVALB','LAMP5','RELN',
- 'CNTN5','UNC5B','PLP1',"MOBP" ,"OPALIN" ,
- "PDGFRA" ,"AQP4" ,"C1QB" ,"C3" ,"CLDN5"))
- data$CellType_Spatialid = factor(data$CellType_Spatialid,levels = celltype.levels)
- Idents(data)="CellType_Spatialid"
- DefaultAssay(data)="RNA"
- p = DotPlot(data, features = marker)+coord_flip()+
- theme_bw()+
- theme(panel.grid = element_blank(), axis.text.x=element_text(hjust = 1,angle = 60))+
- labs(x=NULL,y=NULL)+guides(size=guide_legend(order=3))+
- scale_color_gradientn(values = seq(0,1,0.2),colours = c('#330066','#336699','#66CC66','#FFCC33'))
- options(repr.plot.width=10, repr.plot.height=10)
- p
- # %%
- #Chart Beautification:
- data$CellType_RCTD = factor(data$CellType_Spatialid,levels = wei)
- Idents(object =data) <- "CellType_Spatialid"
- p <- DotPlot(data,assay ='RNA',
- features = marker) +
- # scale_color_continuous_c4a_seq('linear_yl_mg_bu',reverse = T) +
- theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))
- mycolors <- c("#556aa6","#5298ab","#f6f4b9","#f3af72","#aa2c52")
- p$data %>%
- ggplot(aes(x = features.plot,
- y = id)) +
- geom_point(aes(size = pct.exp,
- color = avg.exp.scaled)) +
- theme_classic() +
- theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90,
- hjust = 0.5,
- vjust = 0.3,
- color = "black"),
- axis.title = element_blank(),
- strip.background = element_rect(color = "white"),
- axis.text.y = element_blank()) +
- scale_color_gradientn(colours = mycolors) -> p
- options(repr.plot.width=13, repr.plot.height=7)
- df <- data.frame(x = 0, y = levels(data), stringsAsFactors = F )
- df$y <- factor(df$y, levels = df$y )
- pl <- ggplot(df, aes(x, y, color = factor(y))) +
- geom_point(size = 6, show.legend = F) +
- scale_color_manual(values = best_color) +
- theme_classic() +
- scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0,0)) +
- theme(
- plot.margin = margin(r=0),
- axis.title = element_blank(),
- axis.text.x = element_blank(),
- axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
- axis.ticks = element_blank(),
- axis.line = element_blank()
- )+theme_bw()
- plot_grid(pl, p, align = "h", axis="bt", rel_widths = c(2, 9))
- ggsave('/data/cellbin.marker_dotplot.pdf',width = 15,height = 7)
- # %%
- ###Correlation Analysis with snRNA-seq
- # %%
- SC = readRDS('/data/snRNA_downsample.rds')
- ST = data
- # %%
- Genelist = fread('/data/snRNA.subclass.Marker..tsv')
- library(data.table)
- setDT(Genelist)
- # Extract the top 100 genes from each cluster, sorted by avg_log2FC.
- top_genes <- Genelist[, .SD[order(-avg_log2FC)][1:50], by = cluster]
- top_genes = unique(top_genes$gene)
- # %%
- av1 <-AverageExpression(ST,group.by = "CellType_Spatialid",assays = "Spatial")
- av2 <-AverageExpression(SC,group.by = "subclass.v4",assays = "RNA")
- gene = rownames(ST)
- gene1 = rownames(SC)
- GENE1 = intersect(gene,gene1)
- GENE = intersect(GENE1,top_genes)
- ST_order = celltype.levels
- av1$RNA <- av1$RNA[, match(ST_order, colnames(av1$RNA))]
- av2$RNA <- av2$RNA [, match(ST_order, colnames(av2$RNA))]
- # %%
- av1$RNA <- av1$RNA[, match(celltype, colnames(av1$RNA))]
- av2$RNA <- av2$RNA [, match(celltype, colnames(av2$RNA))]
- # %%
- mycolors =c("#14448C" ,"#5076C1", "#92A6DE", "#CED7F2", "#F6F6F6" ,"#DE9494", "#B85A5B" ,"#7D2828")
- options(repr.plot.width=11, repr.plot.height=11)
- p = pheatmap(cor(av1$RNA[GENE,], av2$RNA[GENE,], method = 'spearman'),
- cluster_rows = FALSE,
- cluster_cols = FALSE,
- border = FALSE,
- main = paste0(" scRNAanno vs Spatial-id","\n"),
- scale = "column",
- fontsize = 10,
- color = colorRampPalette(mycolors)(100),
- # color = colorRampPalette(c("#fafafa", "white", "#005cab"))(50),
- # border_color = "white",
- angle_col = 315)
- save_pheatmap_pdf <- function(x, filename, width=8, height=9) {
- stopifnot(!missing(x))
- stopifnot(!missing(filename))
- pdf(filename, width=width, height=height)
- grid::grid.newpage()
- grid::grid.draw(x$gtable)
- dev.off()
- }
- save_pheatmap_pdf(p, paste0("/data/snRNA-cellbin_corrlation.pdf"))
- # %%
11_cellbin.snRNA.cor.ipynb at commit 256d5b5, under MIT · at the source
Overview
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, 310030 China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, 201602 China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Cell Mapping of Zhejiang Province, BGI Research, Hangzhou, 310030 China
- Key Laboratory of Spatial Omics of Zhejiang Province, BGI Research, Hangzhou, 310030 China
Abstract
Background: Precise delineation of cortical layers is fundamental for understanding human brain organization, cell-type architecture, and disease-related tissue alterations. However, traditional anatomy-based methods often lack molecular resolution and suffer from inter-observer subjectivity.
Methods: Here, we present gene expression-defined cortical layers (GD-Ls) using the BayesSpace algorithm, a high-resolution framework for cortical parcellation based on spatial transcriptomics.
Results: Compared with traditional anatomy-based approaches, GD-Ls more accurately resolve laminar boundaries and capture fine-scale laminar heterogeneity, including sublayer-like domains within L1, L3, and L6, as well as a molecularly distinct transition zone at the gray-white matter interface. Validation across diverse cortical lobes, multiple spatial platforms, and independent healthy postmortem datasets demonstrates that GD-Ls capture the intrinsic molecular architecture of the cortex irrespective of tissue source. Furthermore, cross-species analyses show that this framework is extensible to macaque and mouse cortices. Crucially, GD-Ls successfully identify subtle laminar disorganization and aberrant cellular and molecular signatures in pathologically altered tissues, which are often missed by conventional histology.
Conclusions: Together, GD-Ls provide an objective and reproducible tool for standardized cortical mapping and for identifying early pathological signatures in the human brain. The source code is available on GitHub (https://
Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repositories
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 19 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
YanrongWei/GD-Ls
256d5b5b5c203060dd35b4ef320f15aa818bd930, 19 May 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
- 27 September 2026: the link answers
25 files
- Binsize/
01.SensitivityAnalysis_B , Jupyter, 375 lines, 1 matchinsizeSelection.ipynb - Binsize/
02.merge.debach.bayes.ip , Jupyter, 112 lines, 1 matchynb - Binsize/
03.n_clu_sensitivity_ana , Jupyter, 288 lineslysis.ipynb - Binsize/
04.fasthplus.ipynb , Jupyter, 140 lines - Binsize/
05.BayesVisualization.ip , Jupyter, 125 lines, 1 matchynb - Binsize/
06.Anno.Layer.ipynb , Jupyter, 86 lines, 1 match - Binsize/
07.xgboost.ARI.ipynb , Jupyter, 425 lines, 1 match - Binsize/
08.Bayessublyaer.plot_an , Jupyter, 221 linesd_proportions.ipynb - Binsize/
09.BayesSublayerMarkersI , Jupyter, 251 linesdentification.ipynb - Binsize/
10.Degree_of_GroupIII_Di , Jupyter, 392 lines, 1 matchsturbance.ipynb - Binsize/
example_data/ , Jupyter, 57 lines, 1 match00.Bin1gef2Binsize_file. ipynb - Cellbin/
01_snRNA.UMAP.ipynb , Jupyter, 80 lines, 1 match - Cellbin/
02_Spotlight.ipynb , Jupyter, 78 lines, 1 match - Cellbin/
03_Seurat.ipynb , Jupyter, 54 lines, 1 match - Cellbin/
04_Cell2location.ipynb , Jupyter, 99 lines, 2 matches - Cellbin/
05_Destvi.ipynb , Jupyter, 102 lines, 1 match - Cellbin/
06_RCTD.ipynb , Jupyter, 46 lines, 1 match - Cellbin/
07_Uniport-Spann.ipynb , Jupyter, 113 lines, 2 matches - Cellbin/
08_Tangram.ipynb , Jupyter, 84 lines, 1 match - Cellbin/
09_plot..cellbin.celltyp , Jupyter, 55 linese.UMAP.ipynb - Cellbin/
10_1_ACC.Score.cal.ipynb , Jupyter, 308 lines - Cellbin/
10_2_ACC.score.plot.ipyn , Jupyter, 95 linesb - Cellbin/
11_cellbin.snRNA.cor.ipy , Jupyter, 161 lines, 2 matchesnb - LICENSE, License, 21 lines
- README.md, Text, 5 lines
Zenodo 20199715
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
- 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
24 files
- Binsize/
01.SensitivityAnalysis_B , Jupyter, 375 linesinsizeSelection.ipynb - Binsize/
02.merge.debach.bayes.ip , Jupyter, 112 linesynb - Binsize/
03.n_clu_sensitivity_ana , Jupyter, 288 lineslysis.ipynb - Binsize/
04.fasthplus.ipynb , Jupyter, 140 lines - Binsize/
05.BayesVisualization.ip , Jupyter, 125 linesynb - Binsize/
06.Anno.Layer.ipynb , Jupyter, 86 lines - Binsize/
07.xgboost.ARI.ipynb , Jupyter, 425 lines - Binsize/
08.Bayessublyaer.plot_an , Jupyter, 221 linesd_proportions.ipynb - Binsize/
09.BayesSublayerMarkersI , Jupyter, 251 linesdentification.ipynb - Binsize/
10.Degree_of_GroupIII_Di , Jupyter, 392 linessturbance.ipynb - Cellbin/
01_snRNA.UMAP.ipynb , Jupyter, 80 lines - Cellbin/
02_Spotlight.ipynb , Jupyter, 78 lines - Cellbin/
03_Seurat.ipynb , Jupyter, 54 lines - Cellbin/
04_Cell2location.ipynb , Jupyter, 99 lines - Cellbin/
05_Destvi.ipynb , Jupyter, 102 lines - Cellbin/
06_RCTD.ipynb , Jupyter, 46 lines - Cellbin/
07_Uniport-Spann.ipynb , Jupyter, 113 lines - Cellbin/
08_Tangram.ipynb , Jupyter, 84 lines - Cellbin/
09_plot..cellbin.celltyp , Jupyter, 55 linese.UMAP.ipynb - Cellbin/
10_1_ACC.Score.cal.ipynb , Jupyter, 308 lines - Cellbin/
10_2_ACC.score.plot.ipyn , Jupyter, 95 linesb - Cellbin/
11_cellbin.snRNA.cor.ipy , Jupyter, 161 linesnb - LICENSE, License, 21 lines
- README.md, Text, 5 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 45 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 19 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
Datasets cited
- db.cngb.org/
data_resources/ , at db.cngb.org; found in “Data availability”project - figshare:32980243, at figshare; found in DataCite
- geo:GSE269906, at NCBI GEO; found in “Data availability”
Data availability
The spatial transcriptomics sequencing data generated from the 15 human cortex sections analyzed in this study have been deposited in the China National GeneBank Sequence Archive (CNSA) under accession code CNP0009546 and are available at https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 10 authors, 6 keywords, 9 MeSH terms, 2 funders, 60 references.
Cite
This paper
Wei, Y., He, Y., Liu, Y., Zhu, L., Feng, T., Shen, Z., Wei, W., Liu, L., Han, L., & Wang, L. (2026). Gene expression profiling enables refined parcellation of cortical layers in the heterogeneous human cerebral cortex. Genome medicine, 18(1), 104. https://
BibTeX
@article{wei2026gene,
author = {Wei, Yanrong and He, Youzhe and Liu, Yuyang and Zhu, Langjian and Feng, Tiannan and Shen, Zhiming and Wei, Wu and Liu, Longqi and Han, Lei and Wang, Lifang},
title = {{Gene expression profiling enables refined parcellation of cortical layers in the heterogeneous human cerebral cortex}},
journal = {Genome medicine},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {104},
publisher = {BMC},
issn = {1756-994X},
doi = {10.1186/
url = {https://
pmid = {42421091},
pmcid = {PMC13360882}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Wei, Yanrong
AU - He, Youzhe
AU - Liu, Yuyang
AU - Zhu, Langjian
AU - Feng, Tiannan
AU - Shen, Zhiming
AU - Wei, Wu
AU - Liu, Longqi
AU - Han, Lei
AU - Wang, Lifang
TI - Gene expression profiling enables refined parcellation of cortical layers in the heterogeneous human cerebral cortex
T2 - Genome medicine
J2 - Genome Med
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 18
IS - 1
SP - 104
SN - 1756-994X
PB - BMC
DO - 10.1186/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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- An integrated single-cell and spatial proteotranscriptomics atlas of fibroblast-driven immunoregulation within the human adult oral cavity.Journal: Cell press blueIn common: SingleCellExperiment, UMAP, anndata, 17 other tools
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