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Identity-specific reward expectations in orbitofrontal cortex guide goal-directed choices.

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Paper

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 89 lines · 3.2 KB · no license

  1. function aligned_condition_searchlight(data_directory, subject)
  3. load(fullfile(data_directory, subject, 'whole_brain_data.mat'))
  5. [a,x,y,z]=size(data(1).pav_volume);
  8. precision=3.2;
  9. x_coordinate=1:x;
  10. y_coordinate=1:y;
  11. z_coordinate=1:z;
  13. [xi, yi, zi] = ndgrid(x_coordinate, y_coordinate, z_coordinate);
  15. index=sub2ind( [x,y,z], xi(:), yi(:),zi(:));
  16. brain_indexes = [xi(:), yi(:), zi(:) index];
  19. training_pairs=[1,3;2,4;];
  20. testing_pairs=[1,3;2,4;5,10];
  22. training_data=[];
  23. training_numeric_label=[];
  25. for v=2:(length(data)-2)
  26. training_data=[training_data; data(v).pav_volume];
  27. training_numeric_label=[training_numeric_label;data(v).pav_numeric_label'];
  28. end
  30. testing_data=[];
  31. testing_numeric_label=[];
  32. for run=1:length(data)
  33. testing_data=[testing_data; data(run).test_volume];
  34. testing_numeric_label=[testing_numeric_label; data(run).test_numeric_label'];
  35. end
  37. training_subset=training_data(ismember(training_numeric_label,training_pairs(:)), :, :, :);
  38. training_subset_labels=training_numeric_label(ismember(training_numeric_label,training_pairs(:)));
  39. training_subset_labels_standardized=double(ismember(training_subset_labels,training_pairs(:,1)));
  41. testing_data=testing_data(ismember(testing_numeric_label,testing_pairs(:)), :, :, :);
  42. testing_numeric_label=testing_numeric_label(ismember(testing_numeric_label, testing_pairs));
  43. testing_numeric_label=double(ismember(testing_numeric_label, testing_pairs(:,1)));
  45. accuracy_array=nan(length(brain_indexes), 1);
  46. display(['Starting subject ' subject])
  47. parfor ind=1:length(index)
  49. iX=brain_indexes(ind,1);iY=brain_indexes(ind,2);iZ=brain_indexes(ind,3);
  51. voxel_distances_to_center=sqrt(sum((brain_indexes(:, 1:3)- [iX iY iZ]).^2, 2));
  52. within_radius_voxel=brain_indexes(voxel_distances_to_center<precision, 1:3);
  53. within_radius_voxel_indicies=sub2ind([x,y,z], within_radius_voxel(:,1), within_radius_voxel(:,2), within_radius_voxel(:,3));
  55. training_slab=training_subset(:,:);
  56. training_slab = training_slab(:, within_radius_voxel_indicies);
  58. testing_slab=testing_data(:,:);
  59. testing_slab = testing_slab(:, within_radius_voxel_indicies);
  61. nanVox=any(isnan(training_slab)) | any(isnan(testing_slab));
  62. zeroVox=any(training_slab==0) | any(testing_slab==0) ;
  64. if (sum(~nanVox & ~zeroVox))<10
  65. continue
  66. else
  68. label_1_mean=nanmean(training_slab(training_subset_labels_standardized==1,:), 1);
  69. label_2_mean=nanmean(training_slab(training_subset_labels_standardized==0,:), 1);
  70. mean_training_subset=[label_1_mean; label_2_mean];
  72. z_training_slab=zscore(mean_training_subset(:, (~nanVox & ~zeroVox)), 0, 2);
  73. z_testing_slab=zscore(testing_slab(:, (~nanVox & ~zeroVox)), 0, 2);
  75. distance_from_templates=pdist2(z_training_slab, z_testing_slab, 'correlation');
  76. test_matrix=[1-testing_numeric_label';testing_numeric_label'];
  77. accuracy=corr(distance_from_templates(:), test_matrix(:));
  79. accuracy_array(ind)=atanh(accuracy);
  81. end
  82. end
  87. decoding_volume=nan(x,y,z);
  88. decoding_volume(index)=accuracy_array;
  89. save(fullfile(data_directory, subject, 'decoded_whole_brain_volume.mat'), 'decoding_volume');

aligned_condition_searchlight.m, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Phillip P Witkowski1, Noelle Henein2, Nicole Moussa3, Geoffrey Schoenbaum1, Thorsten Kahnt1
ORCID iDs: Thorsten Kahnt
  1. National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
  2. West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia, United States of America
  3. Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
Institutions: National Institutes of Health (United States); National Institute on Drug Abuse (United States); West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine (United States); University of Maryland, College Park (United States)
Journal: PLoS biology, volume 24, issue 7, article e3003829
Dates: received 9 February 2026; accepted 15 May 2026; published online 9 July 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: none stated
Identifiers: DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829 · PMID 42424266 · PMCID PMC13349123 · OpenAlex W7167822084
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: human (organism), cognitive (subfield)
Methods: Preprocessing, Connectivity, Statistics, fMRI & imaging, Single-unit activity, calcium imaging, Machine learning
MeSH: Choice Behavior*, Goals*, Prefrontal Cortex*, Reward*, Adult, Brain Mapping, Cues, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motivation, Nucleus Accumbens, Outcome Expectations (* major topic)
Topic: Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Intramural NIH HHS (ZIA DA000587, ZIA DA000642)
Citations: cited by 1 paper (Europe PMC); 65 references in the paper
Notices: A comment on this paper has been published (42430285, from Europe PMC)

Abstract

The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (none stated) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

OSF 24dkw

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Languages: MATLAB (3), Jupyter (1)
Size: 14 files, 4 scripts
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data Availability”
Holds: 1 notebook
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (3 files), Matplotlib (1 file), NiBabel (1 file), Nilearn (1 file), NumPy (1 file), pandas (1 file), SciPy (1 file), seaborn (1 file), statsmodels (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
4 files
At the source: doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/24DKW

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 4 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

Datasets cited

Code and data availability statement

The paper has a code and data availability statement. Its license (none stated) does not allow reproducing it here; in short, from what the harvester recognized in it:

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829.

Versions

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 15 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 64 references, 1 integrity notice.

Cite

This paper

Witkowski, P. P., Henein, N., Moussa, N., Schoenbaum, G., & Kahnt, T. (2026). Identity-specific reward expectations in orbitofrontal cortex guide goal-directed choices. PLoS biology, 24(7), e3003829. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829

BibTeX

@article{witkowski2026identity,
author = {Witkowski, Phillip P and Henein, Noelle and Moussa, Nicole and Schoenbaum, Geoffrey and Kahnt, Thorsten},
title = {{Identity-specific reward expectations in orbitofrontal cortex guide goal-directed choices}},
journal = {PLoS biology},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {24},
number = {7},
pages = {e3003829},
publisher = {PLOS},
issn = {1544-9173},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829},
pmid = {42424266},
pmcid = {PMC13349123}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Witkowski, Phillip P
AU - Henein, Noelle
AU - Moussa, Nicole
AU - Schoenbaum, Geoffrey
AU - Kahnt, Thorsten
TI - Identity-specific reward expectations in orbitofrontal cortex guide goal-directed choices
T2 - PLoS biology
J2 - PLoS Biol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/09
VL - 24
IS - 7
SP - e3003829
SN - 1544-9173
PB - PLOS
DO - 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Identity-specific reward expectations in orbitofrontal cortex guide goal-directed choices",
"container-title": "PLoS biology",
"author": [
{
"family": "Witkowski",
"given": "Phillip P"
},
{
"family": "Henein",
"given": "Noelle"
},
{
"family": "Moussa",
"given": "Nicole"
},
{
"family": "Schoenbaum",
"given": "Geoffrey"
},
{
"family": "Kahnt",
"given": "Thorsten"
}
],
"container-title-short": "PLoS Biol",
"volume": "24",
"issue": "7",
"page": "e3003829",
"DOI": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829",
"PMID": "42424266",
"PMCID": "PMC13349123",
"ISSN": "1544-9173",
"publisher": "PLOS",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003829",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
7,
9
]
]
}
}

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