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Behavioral engagement and stimulus regularities coordinate auditory-prefrontal network activity.

Code ↔ Paper

18 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 18 matches · 1 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: a weak match, whose lines are not tinted
  1. [1] § Materials and methods › Data preprocessing ↔ Step2_Preprocess_Granger.m, lines 1–31 · score 0.87 · orthogonal source derivation, electrode impedance, temporal standard, volume, deviation, vertical
  2. [2] § Materials and methods › Data preprocessing ↔ Step2_Preprocess_Rereference.m, lines 1–23 · score 0.87 · orthogonal source derivation, electrode impedance, temporal standard, volume, deviation, vertical
  3. [3] § Results › Repetition-related dynamics during novelty detection in AC and PFC under behavioral conditions ↔ private/plotConfig.m, lines 1–16 · score 0.85 · 0.6–4 Hz, 14–30 Hz, 8–14 Hz, 30–70 Hz, 1.8–2.2 Hz, 4–8 Hz
  4. [4] § Materials and methods › Local deviance-related time–frequency analyses ↔ private/plotConfig.m, lines 1–16 · score 0.79 · 0.6–4 Hz, 14–30 Hz, 8–14 Hz, 30–70 Hz, 4–8 Hz, frequency band
  5. [5] § Materials and methods › Data preprocessing ↔ Step2_Preprocess_Granger.m, lines 1–31 · score 0.78 · phase locked, stimulus onsets, preprocessing, offsets, components, event
  6. [6] § Materials and methods › Local deviance-related time–frequency analyses ↔ utils/plotPE_TFRBandStats.m, lines 1–52 · score 0.77 · deviant minus standard, CWT magnitude, 0–350 ms, FDR corrected, frequency band, 14 Hz
  7. [7] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis ↔ utils/plotPE_TFRBandStats.m, lines 1–52 · score 0.77 · deviant minus standard, CWT magnitude, 0–350 ms, FDR corrected, frequency band, 14 Hz
  8. [8] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis ↔ Step8_8_SF11.m, lines 1–21 · score 0.71 · prediction error GC, correlation matrices, Spearman correlations, right tailed, topographic, temporal
  9. [9] § Results › Deviance-related responses during novelty detection in AC and PFC under behavioral conditions ↔ Step8_5_SF8.m, lines 1–30 · score 0.68 · deviant minus standard, 0–100 ms, tailed permutation, GC topographies, Rows, frequency band
  10. [10] § Results › Active behavioral states amplify repetition-related and deviance-related dynamics in AC and PFC ↔ Step8_6_F6.m, lines 1048–1112 · score 0.62 · magnitude slope, suppression channels, negative slopes, 1.8–2.2 Hz, repetition enhancement, classified
  11. [11] § Materials and methods › Repetition-related suppression and enhancement analyses ↔ Step8_6_F6.m, lines 1048–1112 · score 0.60 · suppression channels, magnitude slope, negative slope, repetition enhancement, classified, passive
  12. [12] § Results › Active behavioral states amplify repetition-related and deviance-related dynamics in AC and PFC ↔ utils/summarizeSlopeReduction.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.59 · enhancement channels, Hz band magnitude, repetition enhancement, quantified, slope, active
  13. [13] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis ↔ Step8_2_SF3.m, lines 675–715 · score 0.58 · way ANOVA, repetition rate magnitude, identity, slopes, monkeys, channel
  14. [14] § Materials and methods › Granger causality (GC) analyses ↔ Step8_8_SF11.m, lines 1–21 · score 0.57 · prediction error GC, correlation matrices, cross, Spearman, topographies, windows
  15. [15] § Results › Repetition-related dynamics during novelty detection in AC and PFC under behavioral conditions ↔ Step8_2_SF3.m, lines 675–715 · score 0.55 · way ANOVA, 1.8–2.2 Hz, 1.8 Hz, fits, slope, magnitude
  16. [16] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis ↔ Step8_5_SF8.m, lines 1–30 · score 0.54 · deviant minus standard, tailed permutation, frequency band, FDR, topographic, map
  17. [17] § Materials and methods › Repetition-related suppression and enhancement analyses ↔ Step8_2_F2.m, lines 960–1055 · score 0.53 · Hz magnitude slope, tailed bootstrap, suppression, enhancement, min
  18. [18] § Results › Deviance-related responses during novelty detection in AC and PFC under behavioral conditions ↔ Step8_5_F5.m, lines 601–678 · score 0.51 · 4–14 Hz, theta GC, deviance related, alpha, ratio, deviant

Paper

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 119 lines · 5.3 KB · MIT · 2 matches

  1. %% Description
  2. % This script does further preprocessing after trial
  3. % exclusion, trial classification, and ICA.
  4. % Four steps are included in this procedure:
  5. % 1. Common average referencing (CAR)
  6. % CAR re-references data by subtracting the common
  7. % average of trial data from channels of the same
  8. % array, to reduce signal differences between
  9. % arrays due to variations in electrode impedance
  10. % and other array-specific differences.
  11. % 2. Orthogonal source derivation
  12. % Data are re-referenced by subtracting the average
  13. % of the signals from all four horizontally and
  14. % vertically adjacent electrodes, to mitigate
  15. % problems caused by common reference and volume
  16. % conduction and improve spatial localization of
  17. % signals.
  18. % 3. Normalization
  19. % Signals are normalized by the temporal standard
  20. % deviation of the amplitude to ensure equal
  21. % weighting of data from each electrode and trial.
  22. % 4. Subtract by ERP
  23. % Finally, to remove evoked potentials locked to
  24. % trial events, such as stimulus onsets and offsets,
  25. % and to isolate internally generated components
  26. % that were not phase-locked ("induced oscillations"),
  27. % the mean potential across trials (average event-
  28. % related potential) was subtracted from individual
  29. % trials.
  30. ccc;
  31. %% Path
  32. MATPATHs = dir("..\MAT Data\pre\single\**\*Data_*.mat");
  33. MATPATHs = arrayfun(@(x) fullfile(x.folder, x.name), MATPATHs, "UniformOutput", false);
  34. SAVEPATHs = strrep(MATPATHs, '\pre\', '\pre (granger)\');
  35. %% Find orthogonal neighbours
  36. neighbours = mu_prepareNeighboursArray(1:64, [8, 8], "orthogonal");
  37. %% Preprocess
  38. for mIndex = 1:length(MATPATHs)
  39. if exist(SAVEPATHs{mIndex}, "file")
  40. disp([SAVEPATHs{mIndex}, ' already exist. Skip']);
  41. continue;
  42. end
  43. % Load
  44. res = matfile(MATPATHs{mIndex});
  45. vars = fieldnames(res);
  46. vars = vars(2:end);
  47. load(MATPATHs{mIndex});
  48. % PE
  49. if contains(MATPATHs{mIndex}, 'PE Data_') || contains(MATPATHs{mIndex}, 'Push Data_')
  50. % Common average referencing - CAR
  51. trialsECOG = cellfun(@(x) x - mean(x, 1), trialsECOG, "UniformOutput", false);
  52. % Orthogonal source derivation
  53. trialsECOG = cellfun(@(x) cell2mat(mu.rowfun(@(y, z) y - mean(x(z.neighbch, :), 1), x, neighbours, "UniformOutput", false)), trialsECOG, "UniformOutput", false);
  54. % Normalization - normalized by the temporal standard deviation of the amplitude
  55. trialsECOG = cellfun(@(x) x ./ std(x, [], 2), trialsECOG, "UniformOutput", false);
  56. % Subtract by ERP
  57. chMean = arrayfun(@(x) calchMean(trialsECOG(dRatioAll == x)), dRatio, "UniformOutput", false);
  58. for tIndex = 1:length(trialsECOG)
  59. trialsECOG{tIndex} = trialsECOG{tIndex} - chMean{dRatio == dRatioAll(tIndex)};
  60. end
  61. end
  62. % DM
  63. if contains(MATPATHs{mIndex}, 'DM Data_')
  64. for dIndex = 1:length(dRatio_selected)
  65. % Common average referencing - CAR
  66. trialsECOG_W{dIndex} = cellfun(@(x) x - mean(x, 1), trialsECOG_W{dIndex}, "UniformOutput", false);
  67. trialsECOG_C{dIndex} = cellfun(@(x) x - mean(x, 1), trialsECOG_C{dIndex}, "UniformOutput", false);
  68. % Orthogonal source derivation
  69. trialsECOG_W{dIndex} = cellfun(@(x) cell2mat(mu.rowfun(@(y, z) y - mean(x(z.neighbch, :), 1), x, neighbours, "UniformOutput", false)), trialsECOG_W{dIndex}, "UniformOutput", false);
  70. trialsECOG_C{dIndex} = cellfun(@(x) cell2mat(mu.rowfun(@(y, z) y - mean(x(z.neighbch, :), 1), x, neighbours, "UniformOutput", false)), trialsECOG_C{dIndex}, "UniformOutput", false);
  71. % Normalization - normalized by the temporal standard deviation of the amplitude
  72. trialsECOG_W{dIndex} = cellfun(@(x) x ./ std(x, [], 2), trialsECOG_W{dIndex}, "UniformOutput", false);
  73. trialsECOG_C{dIndex} = cellfun(@(x) x ./ std(x, [], 2), trialsECOG_C{dIndex}, "UniformOutput", false);
  74. % Subtract by ERP
  75. chMean = calchMean(cat(1, trialsECOG_C{dIndex}, trialsECOG_W{dIndex}));
  76. trialsECOG_W{dIndex} = cellfun(@(x) x - chMean, trialsECOG_W{dIndex}, "UniformOutput", false);
  77. trialsECOG_C{dIndex} = cellfun(@(x) x - chMean, trialsECOG_C{dIndex}, "UniformOutput", false);
  78. end
  79. end
  80. % Prediction
  81. if contains(MATPATHs{mIndex}, 'Prediction Data_')
  82. % Common average referencing - CAR
  83. trialsECOG = cellfun(@(x) x - mean(x, 1), trialsECOG, "UniformOutput", false);
  84. % Orthogonal source derivation
  85. trialsECOG = cellfun(@(x) cell2mat(mu.rowfun(@(y, z) y - mean(x(z.neighbch, :), 1), x, neighbours, "UniformOutput", false)), trialsECOG, "UniformOutput", false);
  86. % Normalization - normalized by the temporal standard deviation of the amplitude
  87. trialsECOG = cellfun(@(x) x ./ std(x, [], 2), trialsECOG, "UniformOutput", false);
  88. % Subtract by ERP
  89. nSTD = unique([trialAll.stdNum])';
  90. chMean = arrayfun(@(x) calchMean(trialsECOG([trialAll.stdNum] == x)), nSTD, "UniformOutput", false);
  91. for tIndex = 1:length(trialsECOG)
  92. trialsECOG{tIndex} = trialsECOG{tIndex} - chMean{nSTD == trialAll(tIndex).stdNum};
  93. end
  94. end
  95. % Save
  96. mkdir(fileparts(SAVEPATHs{mIndex}));
  97. save(SAVEPATHs{mIndex}, vars{:});
  98. end

Step2_Preprocess_Granger.m at commit baedc13, under MIT · at the source

Overview

Authors: Haoxuan Xu1,2,3,4, Peirun Song1,3, Hangting Ye1,3, Ana Belén Lao-Rodríguez5,6,7, Qichen Zhang1, Yuying Zhai1,3, Xuehui Bao4, Ishrat Mehmood4, Hisashi Tanigawa4, Zhiyi Tu2, Lingling Zhang2, Xuan Zhao2, David Pérez-González5,6,8, Manuel S Malmierca5,6,7, Xiongjie Yu1,2,3,4
  1. Department of Anesthesia, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  2. Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  3. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  4. College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
  5. Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
  6. Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
  7. Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
  8. Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Journal: PLoS biology, volume 24, issue 8, article e3003966
Dates: received 9 March 2026; accepted 7 August 2026; published online 26 August 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003966 · PMID 42647585 · PMCID PMC13537682 · OpenAlex W7204260198
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: intracranial EEG (iEEG / ECoG / SEEG) (modality), non-human primate (organism)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Preprocessing, Connectivity, Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Evoked potentials, Machine learning, Single-unit activity, calcium imaging
MeSH: Auditory Cortex*, Auditory Perception*, Behavior, Animal*, Prefrontal Cortex*, Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Electrocorticography, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Macaca mulatta, Male, Nerve Net (* major topic)
Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Consejería de Educación, Junta de Castilla y León (strategic research programs of excellence from the Regional Government of Castile and León, co-funded by the ERDF Operational Programme (ref. CLU-2023-1-01), SA218P23); National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171044, 32100827, 32571216); Major Projects of Natural Sciences of University in Jiangsu Province of China (2022ZD0204800); National Major Science and Technology Projects of China (2022ZD0204600); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2023-148541OB-I00, funded by MICIU/AEI (https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033) and FEDER EU)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 99 references in the paper

Abstract

The ability to detect deviations from expected sensory input is fundamental for adaptive behavior. We recorded electrocorticographic activity from the auditory (AC) and prefrontal (PFC) cortices of behaving macaques during an auditory oddball task to probe the cortical dynamics of predictive processing. Repetition of standard stimuli evoked suppression and facilitation in AC and strong low-frequency (2 Hz) enhancement in PFC, accompanied by bidirectional delta-band GC-defined interactions indicative of a shared predictive state. Deviant stimuli triggered earlier AC responses followed by PFC activation and increased GC-defined directed interactions across theta, alpha, and conventional gamma bands. Behavioral engagement amplified both repetition-related and deviance-related ECoG responses, strengthening cortical network coordination. Together, these findings reveal behaviorally gated auditory–prefrontal dynamics that are consistent with hierarchical predictive-processing accounts, while also allowing for contributions from repetition-, novelty-, and salience-related mechanisms.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 18 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

Zenodo 21768371

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data Availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
72 files

TOMORI233/MonkeyNovelty

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: baedc138695e4909c007508a777e419ae5ef629d, 3 August 2026
Languages: MATLAB (70)
Size: 81 files, 70 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data Availability”
Holds: README, license file
Not found: CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers
72 files

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 140 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 18 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

Datasets cited

Data Availability

The numerical source data underlying the main and supplementary figures, including the individual trial- and channel-level observations and associated labels used to generate the figures, are publicly available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21767511. The analysis and figure-generation code used in this study has been permanently archived in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21768371. The actively maintained version of the code is publicly available at https://github.com/TOMORI233/MonkeyNovelty. The archived code is released under the MIT License and includes a README file describing the software requirements, repository structure, analysis workflow, and instructions for reproducing the analyses and figures.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 15 authors, 11 MeSH terms, 5 funders, 99 references.

Cite

This paper

Xu, H., Song, P., Ye, H., Lao-Rodríguez, A. B., Zhang, Q., Zhai, Y., Bao, X., Mehmood, I., Tanigawa, H., Tu, Z., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Pérez-González, D., Malmierca, M. S., & Yu, X. (2026). Behavioral engagement and stimulus regularities coordinate auditory-prefrontal network activity. PLoS biology, 24(8), e3003966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003966

BibTeX

@article{xu2026behavioral,
author = {Xu, Haoxuan and Song, Peirun and Ye, Hangting and Lao-Rodríguez, Ana Belén and Zhang, Qichen and Zhai, Yuying and Bao, Xuehui and Mehmood, Ishrat and Tanigawa, Hisashi and Tu, Zhiyi and Zhang, Lingling and Zhao, Xuan and Pérez-González, David and Malmierca, Manuel S and Yu, Xiongjie},
title = {{Behavioral engagement and stimulus regularities coordinate auditory-prefrontal network activity}},
journal = {PLoS biology},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
volume = {24},
number = {8},
pages = {e3003966},
publisher = {PLOS},
issn = {1544-9173},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3003966},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003966},
pmid = {42647585},
pmcid = {PMC13537682}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Xu, Haoxuan
AU - Song, Peirun
AU - Ye, Hangting
AU - Lao-Rodríguez, Ana Belén
AU - Zhang, Qichen
AU - Zhai, Yuying
AU - Bao, Xuehui
AU - Mehmood, Ishrat
AU - Tanigawa, Hisashi
AU - Tu, Zhiyi
AU - Zhang, Lingling
AU - Zhao, Xuan
AU - Pérez-González, David
AU - Malmierca, Manuel S
AU - Yu, Xiongjie
TI - Behavioral engagement and stimulus regularities coordinate auditory-prefrontal network activity
T2 - PLoS biology
J2 - PLoS Biol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/26
VL - 24
IS - 8
SP - e3003966
SN - 1544-9173
PB - PLOS
DO - 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003966
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003966
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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