Age and language experience modulate predictive processing in the visual modality.
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Overview
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Linguistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Linguistics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
Abstract
Human language processing relies on the brain’s ability to predict structured input rapidly in time. While predictive coding has been widely studied in auditory language users, less is known about how visual language experience influences these mechanisms across their lifetime. We used electroencephalography (EEG) to examine how age and lifelong use of a signed language modulate neural prediction in the visual modality. We recorded EEG from Deaf signers of Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS) while they viewed videos of linguistic and non-linguistic biological motion. Signal complexity and neural coherence to optical flow in the stimuli were computed, and multivariate feature selection was applied to identify age-related patterns. Our results show that neural responses to linguistic motion are characterized by age-dependent increases in coherence to stimuli and changes in signal entropy, suggesting that visual linguistic experience refines predictive mechanisms over time. These effects were strongest in fronto-central and parietal regions, consistent with hierarchical sensory integration for language processing. This study demonstrates that predictive coding in the brain is shaped by modality-specific language experience and continues to evolve with age. The findings offer a new perspective on how sensory and linguistic systems interact to support inference in real-time visual processing.
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evie1706/SL_age
7bf5641b75957922ff067b8a495d03a5011693fc, 20 June 2025Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
- 28 September 2026: the link answers
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
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Data
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Data Availability
The EEG data collected for this study involve a small, identifiable group of Deaf signers of Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS). Due to the high risk of participant re-identification and binding restrictions imposed by the University of Salzburg’s Ethics Commission (protocol EK-GZ: 07/
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
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Version 2, 28 September 2026
- Funding: added Austrian Science Fund: ESP 252-G
Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 12 MeSH terms, 41 references.
Cite
This paper
Malaia, E. A., Borneman, S. C., Borneman, J., Krebs, J., & Wilbur, R. B. (2026). Age and language experience modulate predictive processing in the visual modality. PloS one, 21(5), e0346695. https://
BibTeX
@article{malaia2026age,
author = {Malaia, Evie A and Borneman, Sean C and Borneman, Joshua and Krebs, Julia and Wilbur, Ronnie B},
title = {{Age and language experience modulate predictive processing in the visual modality}},
journal = {PloS one},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {21},
number = {5},
pages = {e0346695},
publisher = {PLOS},
issn = {1932-6203},
doi = {10.1371/
url = {https://
pmid = {42139245},
pmcid = {PMC13178858}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Malaia, Evie A
AU - Borneman, Sean C
AU - Borneman, Joshua
AU - Krebs, Julia
AU - Wilbur, Ronnie B
TI - Age and language experience modulate predictive processing in the visual modality
T2 - PloS one
J2 - PLoS One
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 21
IS - 5
SP - e0346695
SN - 1932-6203
PB - PLOS
DO - 10.1371/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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