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Cross-sectional and longitudinal functional network alterations associated with subthreshold depressive symptoms in healthy older adults.

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Paper

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The authors' code

Shell · 179 lines · 5.9 KB · MIT

  1. #!/usr/bin/env bash
  2. # Written by Wu Jianxiao and CBIG under MIT license: https://github.com/ThomasYeoLab/CBIG/blob/master/LICENSE.md
  3. # This function warps an input volumes to a target volume space with specified ANTs warp or inverse warp files
  4. ###########################################
  5. # Main commands
  6. ###########################################
  7. main(){
  8. # Set up warp files
  9. warp=${warp_dir}/${warp_prefix}1Warp.nii.gz
  10. inverse=${warp_dir}/${warp_prefix}1InverseWarp.nii.gz
  11. affine=${warp_dir}/${warp_prefix}0GenericAffine.mat
  12. # Set up fmri_reg command
  13. if [ ! -z $fmri_reg ]; then
  14. fmri_warp="-t $fmri_reg"
  15. fi
  16. # Set up time_series command
  17. if [ $time_series -eq 1 ]; then
  18. vol4d="-e 3"
  19. fi
  20. # Warp input volume to target's T1 space
  21. output=$output_dir/${output_prefix}.nii.gz
  22. if [ ! -e $output ]; then
  23. case $warp_setting in
  24. forward)
  25. cmd="${ANTs_dir}/antsApplyTransforms -d 3 $vol4d -i $input -r $target -n $interp -t $warp -t $affine $fmri_warp"
  26. cmd="$cmd -o $output"
  27. echo $cmd
  28. eval $cmd
  29. ;;
  30. inverse)
  31. cmd="${ANTs_dir}/antsApplyTransforms -d 3 $vol4d -i $input -r $target -n $interp $fmri_warp -t [$affine, 1]"
  32. cmd="$cmd -t $inverse -o $output"
  33. echo $cmd
  34. eval $cmd
  35. ;;
  36. *)
  37. echo "Invalid warp setting. Use either 'forward' or 'inverse'"
  38. esac
  39. else
  40. echo "The input volume have already been projected into ${target}'s space by ANTs"
  41. fi
  42. }
  43. ##################################################################
  44. # Function usage
  45. ##################################################################
  46. # Usage
  47. usage() { echo "
  48. Usage: CBIG_antsApplyReg_vol2vol.sh -i input -r target -w warp_prefix -p output_prefix
  49. This script applies existing warps prepared using ANTs registration to map an input volume to a target volume.
  50. REQUIRED ARGUMENTS:
  51. -i <input> absolute path to input volume to map from
  52. -r <target> absolute path to target volume to be mapped to
  53. -w <warp_prefix> prefix of the warp files. Specifically, the affine, forward and inverse warps should have the
  54. following names:
  55. warp_prefix0GenericAffine.mat
  56. warp_prefix1Warp.nii.gz
  57. warp_prefix1InverseWarp.nii.gz
  58. -p <output_prefix> prefix for output volume
  59. OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS:
  60. -f <fmri_reg> absolute path to native-to-T1 registration file for fMRI input. The file must have been
  61. converted to format used by ANTs (e.g. .txt or .mat) if it was generated using other tools.
  62. [ default: unset ]
  63. -e <time_series> set this to 1 if the input volume is 4D (time-series)
  64. [ default: 0 ]
  65. -d <warp_dir> absolute path to the warps
  66. [ default: $(pwd)/results ]
  67. -o <output_dir> absolute path to output directory
  68. [ default: $(pwd)/results ]
  69. -s <warp setting> warping direction ('forward' for forward warp, 'inverse' for inverse warp). For example, if
  70. the target space was registered to the input space during ANTs registration, then inverse
  71. warp should be used to now map the input to the target.
  72. [ default: forward ]
  73. -t <interp> interpolation (Linear, NearestNeighbor, etc.)
  74. [ default: Linear ]
  75. -a <ANTs_dir> directory where ANTs is installed
  76. [ default: $CBIG_ANTS_DIR ]
  77. -h display help message
  78. OUTPUTS:
  79. $0 will create 1 output file in the output directory, corresponding to the input warped into target's space.
  80. For example:
  81. output_prefix.nii.gz
  82. EXAMPLE:
  83. $0 -i /path/to/my/data.nii.gz -r /path/to/my/template.nii.gz -w subject_moving_template_fixed -p data_to_template
  84. -f data_to_T1.txt -s forward
  85. " 1>&2; exit 1; }
  86. # Display help message if no argument is supplied
  87. if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
  88. usage; 1>&2; exit 1
  89. fi
  90. ##################################################################
  91. # Assign input variables
  92. ##################################################################
  93. # Default parameter
  94. warp_dir=$(pwd)/results
  95. output_dir=$(pwd)/results
  96. warp_setting=forward
  97. interp=Linear
  98. ANTs_dir=$CBIG_ANTS_DIR
  99. time_series=0
  100. # Assign parameter
  101. while getopts "i:r:w:p:f:e:d:o:s:t:a:h" opt; do
  102. case $opt in
  103. i) input=${OPTARG} ;;
  104. r) target=${OPTARG} ;;
  105. w) warp_prefix=${OPTARG} ;;
  106. p) output_prefix=${OPTARG} ;;
  107. f) fmri_reg=${OPTARG} ;;
  108. e) time_series=${OPTARG} ;;
  109. d) warp_dir=${OPTARG} ;;
  110. o) output_dir=${OPTARG} ;;
  111. s) warp_setting=${OPTARG} ;;
  112. t) interp=${OPTARG} ;;
  113. a) ANTs_dir=${OPTARG} ;;
  114. h) usage; exit ;;
  115. *) usage; 1>&2; exit 1 ;;
  116. esac
  117. done
  118. ##################################################################
  119. # Check parameter
  120. ##################################################################
  121. if [ -z $target ]; then
  122. echo "Reference volume not defined."; 1>&2; exit 1
  123. fi
  124. if [ -z $input ]; then
  125. echo "Input volume not defined."; 1>&2; exit 1
  126. fi
  127. if [ -z $warp_prefix ]; then
  128. echo "Warp prefix not defined."; 1>&2; exit 1
  129. fi
  130. if [ -z $output_prefix ]; then
  131. echo "Output prefix not defined."; 1>&2; exit 1
  132. fi
  133. ##################################################################
  134. # Disable multi-threading
  135. ##################################################################
  136. ITK_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_NUMBER_OF_THREADS=1
  137. export ITK_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_NUMBER_OF_THREADS
  138. ##################################################################
  139. # Set up output directory
  140. ##################################################################
  141. if [ ! -d "$output_dir" ]; then
  142. echo "Output directory does not exist. Making directory now..."
  143. mkdir -p $output_dir
  144. fi
  145. ###########################################
  146. # Implementation
  147. ###########################################
  148. main

CBIG_antsApplyReg_vol2vol.sh at commit 35b5664, under MIT · at the source

Overview

Authors: Pascal Grumbach1,2, Julia Christl1,3, Camilla Mendl-Heinisch4,5, Natalia Wege1, Christiane Jockwitz4,5, Eva Meisenzahl1, Svenja Caspers4,5
  1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
  2. Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
  3. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Klinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany
  4. Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
  5. Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Journal: Frontiers in aging neuroscience, volume 18, article 1742371
Dates: received 8 November 2025; accepted 9 February 2026; published online 11 March 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.3389/fnagi.2026.1742371 · PMID 41907846 · PMCID PMC13023060 · OpenAlex W7134900571
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: fMRI (modality), human (organism), depression (population), clinical / translational (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Preprocessing, Connectivity, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: early detection, functional connectivity, late-life depression, subthreshold depressive symptoms, ventral attention network
Topic: Functional Brain Connectivity Studies (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: European Regional Development Fund (101147319); HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme (101147319)
Citations: cited by 1 paper (Europe PMC); 86 references in the paper

Abstract

Objective: Subthreshold depressive symptoms (SDS) in older adults as a prodromal state of late-life depression (LLD) increase with age and are associated with elevated risk for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. LLD has been linked to functional brain network disruptions, including the ventral attention (VAN) and default mode network (DMN). Thus, identifying alterations in functional connectivity (FC) linked to SDS may be critical for the early detection and treatment of individuals at high-risk for LLD.

Methods: A total of 243 healthy older subjects (55–84 years; MAge = 67.0 ± 6.5) without a history of depression and current antidepressant intake from the 1000BRAINS sample with two timepoints of assessments were included in this study (time interval = 3.7 ± 0.7 years). SDS were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II < 20) and linked to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging derived FC within and between seven large scale functional brain networks.

Results: Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses revealed that SDS were associated with decreased intra- and inter-network FC. After Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, reduced FC within the VAN at baseline significantly predicted a longitudinal increase in depressive symptoms. This association was primarily driven by the somatic symptom domain of the BDI-II. Post-hoc analyses highlighted the particular involvement of right-hemispheric VAN regions.

Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis that even minimal to mild depressive symptoms in older adults are linked to disrupted functional network architecture. Specifically, reduced FC within the VAN may serve as an early neural marker for the emergence of depressive symptoms and vulnerability for the progression into clinically manifest LLD. Thus, offering potential for early detection and targeted intervention in subjects at high risk.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

thomasyeolab/cbig

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 35b5664bec8822e2f77da5e090e96f91d0095be6, 31 August 2026
Languages: MATLAB (2100), Shell (651), Python (571), C (113), C++ (65), C/C++ (62), R (25), Jupyter (5)
Size: 9,187 files, 3,592 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the end of the paper
Holds: README, license file, environment (external_packages/python/mapalign-master/requirements.txt, external_packages/python/mapalign-master/setup.py, external_packages/python/yapf-master/setup.cfg, external_packages/python/yapf-master/setup.py), tests, documentation, 2 notebooks
Not found: CITATION.cff, continuous integration
Tools: NumPy (130 files), PyTorch (122 files), FreeSurfer (93 files), SciPy (61 files), FieldTrip (60 files), Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (50 files), FSL (44 files), SPM (40 files), GIfTI library for MATLAB (10 files), Image Processing Toolbox (8 files), Connectome Workbench (8 files), scikit-learn (5 files), AFNI (2 files), Matplotlib (2 files), Tools for NIfTI and ANALYZE image (MATLAB) (2 files), ANTs (1 file), NiBabel (1 file), Nilearn (1 file), tedana (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers
2,000 files

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 1,998 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability statement

The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because restrictions apply. Data are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission from Svenja Caspers. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to .

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 7 authors, 5 keywords, 2 funders, 81 references.

Cite

This paper

Grumbach, P., Christl, J., Mendl-Heinisch, C., Wege, N., Jockwitz, C., Meisenzahl, E., & Caspers, S. (2026). Cross-sectional and longitudinal functional network alterations associated with subthreshold depressive symptoms in healthy older adults. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 18, 1742371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2026.1742371

BibTeX

@article{grumbach2026cross,
author = {Grumbach, Pascal and Christl, Julia and Mendl-Heinisch, Camilla and Wege, Natalia and Jockwitz, Christiane and Meisenzahl, Eva and Caspers, Svenja},
title = {{Cross-sectional and longitudinal functional network alterations associated with subthreshold depressive symptoms in healthy older adults}},
journal = {Frontiers in aging neuroscience},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
volume = {18},
pages = {1742371},
publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
issn = {1663-4365},
doi = {10.3389/fnagi.2026.1742371},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2026.1742371},
pmid = {41907846},
pmcid = {PMC13023060}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Grumbach, Pascal
AU - Christl, Julia
AU - Mendl-Heinisch, Camilla
AU - Wege, Natalia
AU - Jockwitz, Christiane
AU - Meisenzahl, Eva
AU - Caspers, Svenja
TI - Cross-sectional and longitudinal functional network alterations associated with subthreshold depressive symptoms in healthy older adults
T2 - Frontiers in aging neuroscience
J2 - Front Aging Neurosci
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/03/11
VL - 18
SP - 1742371
SN - 1663-4365
PB - Frontiers Media SA
DO - 10.3389/fnagi.2026.1742371
UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2026.1742371
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"title": "Cross-sectional and longitudinal functional network alterations associated with subthreshold depressive symptoms in healthy older adults",
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