Artificial Intelligence Algorithm Based on Genetics to Predict Responses to Interferon-Beta Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.

Overview

1. Facultad de Informática, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (A.M.H.-N.); (H.J.-H.); (J.A.A.-G.); (R.D.-P.)
2. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (J.D.M.-S.); (J.M.Á.-A.)
3. Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de Información y Sistemas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42039, Mexico
4. Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, Querétaro 76125, Mexico

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that impacts nearly 3 million people worldwide. While the etiology and pathogenesis of MS are not yet fully understood, current evidence suggests that it results from complex interactions between genetic and environmental conditions. Clarifying the autoimmune mechanisms underlying MS remains a central objective in the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Interferon-beta (IFN-β) is one of the most frequently prescribed disease-modifying treatments for individuals with MS. However, despite its established efficacy, recent studies report that approximately 30–50% of patients exhibit inadequate response to IFN-β, largely due to genetic variability. Machine learning (ML), a branch of artificial intelligence (AI), employs data-driven computational models to enhance predictive accuracy and classification. In recent MS research, unsupervised learning techniques such as hierarchical clustering and K-means have been applied for classification purposes. However, these methods often fail to yield optimal solutions because they require numerous arbitrary decisions and perform adequately only when datasets contain clusters of similar sizes and lack significant outliers. Fuzzy systems (FSs) are designed to model complex, ambiguous real-world phenomena. In this study, an AI algorithm incorporating a fuzzy system, informed by expert neurologist input, is proposed to enhance the assignment of unknown class labels related to IFN-β response in MS patients. Additionally, a genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced to identify optimal solutions within the search space, facilitating hyperparameter optimization of a deep learning (DL) model trained with genetic biomarkers to identify patients likely to benefit from this therapy. Experimental results demonstrate that the fuzzy system achieved 80% classification efficiency, in contrast to 64% with conventional hierarchical clustering. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model, with hyperparameters optimized by the GA, achieved an accuracy of 0.8–1.0, surpassing the multi-layer perceptron (MLP), which achieved 0.6–0.8 accuracy using conventional tuning methods.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Data

Datasets cited

• geo:GSE24427, at NCBI GEO; found in the text, “3.1. Database”
• github.com/eponcedeleon13-max/gse24427_gene_expression_data, at github.com; found in “Data Availability Statement”

Other data links

• ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info, NCBI; found in the text, “3.1. Database”

Data Availability Statement

The collected gene expression data are available at https://github.com/eponcedeleon13-max/GSE24427_Gene_Expression_Data (accessed on 15 October 2025).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 9 authors, 5 keywords, 1 funder, 51 references.

Cite

This paper

Ponce de León-Sánchez, E. R., Mendiola-Santibañez, J. D., Domínguez-Ramírez, O. A., Herrera-Navarro, A. M., Vázquez-Cervantes, A., Jiménez-Hernández, H., Acuña-García, J. A., Duarte-Pérez, R., & Álvarez-Alvarado, J. M. (2026). Artificial Intelligence Algorithm Based on Genetics to Predict Responses to Interferon-Beta Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 13(5), 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13050523

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