Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy for Intraoperative Glioblastoma Diagnosis-A Complementary Tool to Frozen Section?

Overview

1. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Campus Upper Franconia/Bayreuth, Friedrich Alexander University, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany; (F.S.); (K.I.S.); (B.R.M.); (F.K.); (S.S.); (S.L.)
2. Institute of Neuropathology, Saarland University, Medical Campus Homburg/Saar, 66421 Homburg, Germany
3. Refined Laser Systems GmbH, 48149 Münster, Germany; (M.B.); (F.N.); (R.D.); (S.U.); (T.W.); (T.H.)
4. Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
5. Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Medical Campus Homburg/Saar, 66421 Homburg, Germany

Abstract

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive primary brain tumor, and intraoperative frozen section analysis is the current standard for rapid histopathological assessment. However, this approach is time-consuming and resource-intensive. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging has emerged as a label-free technique enabling near real-time microscopic evaluation of fresh tissue. This study compares the visualization of selected histopathological features in a newly developed intraoperative SRS system with conventional hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining in confirmed GBM. Methods: Tumor samples from 30 patients with neuropathologically confirmed GBM were analyzed. For each case, both HE-stained frozen sections and SRS-generated virtual HE-like images were prepared from separate portions of the specimen. Twelve neuropathologists with varying levels of experience assessed 60 images according to seven predefined GBM criteria, resulting in 720 image evaluations. Feature detection was analyzed using cluster-adjusted generalized estimating equation models, and interobserver agreement was assessed using Fleiss’ κ. Results: Descriptively, hypercellularity and hypervascularization were identified at similar frequencies in both modalities, whereas pleomorphism, endothelial proliferation, mitotic activity, and necrosis were more often recognized in HE images. In cluster-adjusted analyses, SRS showed significantly lower detection rates for hypercellularity, pleomorphism, endothelial proliferation, and mitotic activity, while no significant difference was observed for hypervascularization, necrosis, or pseudopalisading after false discovery rate correction. Interobserver agreement was feature-dependent and generally higher for HE than SRS, particularly for hypercellularity. Conclusions: In this feature-level analysis of neuropathologically confirmed GBM, SRS imaging provided rapid, label-free morphological information and showed comparable visualization of selected histopathological features, particularly hypervascularization. While conventional HE-stained frozen sections remained superior for certain WHO-defining features, SRS represents a promising intraoperative adjunct that may complement established neuropathological workflows. Further studies including non-tumor tissue and a broader range of glioma grades are needed to determine the full diagnostic accuracy and clinical applicability of this technique.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Data

Datasets cited

• zenodo:18908950, at Zenodo; found in “Data Availability Statement”

Data Availability Statement

The dataset supporting the findings of this study has been made publicly available at Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18908950). The dataset contains the anonymized evaluation data used for the statistical analyses reported in this manuscript.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 17 authors, 4 keywords, 1 funder, 32 references.

Cite

This paper

Sippl, C., Stark, F., Schneider, K. I., Reyes Medina, B., Schulz-Schaeffer, W., Brinkmann, M., Neumann, F., Droop, R., Ullmann, S., Würthwein, T., Hellwig, T., Hoffmann, L., Monfroy, N., Khafaji, F., Saffour, S., Gaber, K., & Linsler, S. (2026). Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy for Intraoperative Glioblastoma Diagnosis-A Complementary Tool to Frozen Section? Cancers, 18(7), 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18071053

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