OSCR

Exploring the Impact of T2-Weighted MRI Fat Saturation on Radiomics Stability for Brain Radionecrosis Prediction After Skull-Base Proton Therapy: A Pilot Study.

Code ↔ Paper

10 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 10 matches
  1. [1] § 2. Materials and Methods › 2.2. Brain Tissue Segmentation ↔ src/data_curation/tissue_segmentation_methods.ipynb, lines 145–197 · score 0.68 · tissue segmentation, brain extraction, atropos, ANTsPyNet, synthstrip, mri
  2. [2] § 2. Materials and Methods › 2.6. Radiomics Modeling ↔ src/brn_prediction/analysis.py, lines 174–259 · score 0.67 · near zero, CCC thresholds, variance, subsets, filtering, predictive
  3. [3] § 3. Results › 3.2. Radiomics Modeling ↔ src/brn_prediction/analysis.py, lines 263–322 · score 0.64 · homogeneous subgroups, high correlations, CCC thresholded, subsets, signature, sequence
  4. [4] § 3. Results › 3.2. Radiomics Modeling ↔ src/brn_prediction/analysis.py, lines 174–259 · score 0.62 · CCC thresholds, excellent features, subgroups, subsets, Delong, CI
  5. [5] § 2. Materials and Methods › 2.3. Image-Level Processing ↔ src/data_curation/tissue_segmentation_methods.ipynb, lines 145–197 · score 0.62 · brain mask, bias correction, ANTs, segmented, intensity
  6. [6] § 2. Materials and Methods › 2.3. Image-Level Processing ↔ src/stability_analysis/feature_extraction3D.ipynb, lines 314–357 · score 0.62 · binary mask, bias correction, radiomics features, gm, wm, thresholding
  7. [7] § 2. Materials and Methods › 2.6. Radiomics Modeling ↔ src/brn_prediction/analysis.py, lines 146–170 · score 0.59 · repeated stratified, CV, fold, training, cross, prediction
  8. [8] § 2. Materials and Methods › 2.6. Radiomics Modeling ↔ src/brn_prediction/analysis.py, lines 324–363 · score 0.52 · weighted matching, Spearman, DeLong, CI, AUC, signatures
  9. [9] § 2. Materials and Methods › 2.4. Radiomics Feature Extraction and Harmonization ↔ src/stability_analysis/stability_analysis.ipynb, lines 123–168 · score 0.52 · neuroCombat, Combat harmonization, batches, sequences
  10. [10] § 2. Materials and Methods › 2.2. Brain Tissue Segmentation ↔ src/brn_prediction/feature_gen.py, lines 2–25 · score 0.51 · FSL, FAST, csf, wm, segmentation, brain

Paper

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The authors' code

Python · 384 lines · 17 KB · GPL-3.0 · 5 matches

  1. #%%
  2. from sklearn.model_selection import RepeatedStratifiedKFold
  3. from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
  4. from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
  5. from sklearn.base import clone
  6. from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, cross_val_predict
  7. from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
  8. from sklearn.model_selection import RepeatedStratifiedKFold, LeaveOneOut
  9. from sklearn.feature_selection import SequentialFeatureSelector
  10. from boruta import BorutaPy
  11. from scipy.stats import mannwhitneyu
  12. from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
  14. from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
  15. from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
  16. # import neuroCombat as neuroCombat
  17. from neurocombat_sklearn import CombatModel
  19. import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  20. from scipy.optimize import linear_sum_assignment
  21. import seaborn as sns
  22. import os
  24. import pandas as pd
  25. import numpy as np
  27. from MLstatkit import Delong_test
  29. #%%
  31. FUP_RADIOMICS_FILE = r"/home/sithints/research/projects/t2w_stability/outputs/stability/radiomicsFeatures3D copy.csv"
  32. FUP_STABILITY_FILE = r"/home/sithints/research/projects/t2w_stability/outputs/stability/stability_df copy.csv"
  34. BRN_RADIOMICS_FILE = r"/home/sithints/research/projects/t2w_stability/outputs/brn_prediction/radiomicsFeatures3D copy.csv"
  35. BRN_DB_FILE = r"/home/sithints/research/projects/t2w_stability/outputs/brn_prediction/db copy.xlsx"
  36. OUTDIR = r"/home/sithints/research/projects/t2w_stability/outputs/brn_prediction/analysis_5CV"
  38. os.makedirs(OUTDIR, exist_ok=True)
  40. FEAT_FAMILIES = ["firstorder", "glcm", "glrlm", "glszm", "ngtdm", "gldm"]
  42. BIAS = "none"
  43. ZNORM_ROI = "none"
  44. TISSUE = "gwm"
  45. TYPE = "combat"
  46. CCC_THRESHOLDS = {"baseline":-np.inf, ">=good":0.70, "excellent":0.85}
  47. TARGET_LABEL = "CTCAE_GRADE_NECROSIS>=1"
  48. BATCH_COL = "sequence"
  50. N_SPLITS = 5
  51. RANDOM_STATE = 42
  53. def filter_near_zero(df, threshold = 1e-6, verbose=False): #1e-6 and 1e-3 works
  54. feats = df.columns.to_list()
  55. feats_var = df.var()
  56. mask_feats = feats_var[feats_var<=threshold].index.to_list()
  57. selected_feats = [feat for feat in feats if feat not in mask_feats]
  58. if verbose:
  59. print(f"Deleted {len(mask_feats)}/{len(feats)} near zero features, remaining {len(selected_feats)} features")
  60. return selected_feats
  62. def filter_high_corr(df, threshold=0.85, verbose=False):
  64. corr_matrix = df.corr(method='spearman').abs()
  65. mean_corr = corr_matrix.mean()
  66. ordered_feats = mean_corr.sort_values(ascending=True).index.to_list()
  68. corr_matrix = df[ordered_feats].corr(method='spearman').abs()
  69. up_tri = corr_matrix.where(np.triu(np.ones(corr_matrix.shape), k=1).astype(bool))
  70. mask_feats = [column for column in up_tri.columns if any(up_tri[column]>=threshold)]
  71. selected_feats = [feat for feat in ordered_feats if feat not in mask_feats]
  72. if verbose:
  73. print(f"Deleted {len(mask_feats)}/{len(ordered_feats)} highly corr features, remaining {len(selected_feats)} features")
  75. return selected_feats
  77. def select_topk_utest(X, y, k=5):
  79. scores = []
  80. for i in range(X.shape[1]):
  81. pvalue = mannwhitneyu(X[y==0, i], X[y==1, i], alternative = 'two-sided').pvalue
  82. scores.append(pvalue)
  84. selected_idxs = np.argsort(scores)[:k]
  86. return selected_idxs
  88. def select_topk_boruta(X, y, k=5):
  89. rf = RandomForestClassifier(n_jobs=-1, max_depth=5, class_weight="balanced")
  91. boruta = BorutaPy(estimator=rf, n_estimators='auto', verbose=0, random_state=42)
  92. boruta.fit(X, y)
  94. importance_history = boruta.importance_history_
  95. importance_history = np.nan_to_num(importance_history, 0.0)
  96. importance = np.mean(importance_history, axis=0)
  98. selected_idxs = np.argsort(importance)[::-1][:k]
  100. return selected_idxs
  102. def mean_weighted_matching_correlation(df_A, df_B, method = 'pearson'):
  103. """
  104. Computes the Mean Weighted Matching Correlation (MWMC) between two signatures (feature sets + predictions).
  105. It solves the linear assignment problem on the cost matrix C = 1 - |corr(A_i, B_j)|
  106. and returns the mean absolute correlation of the optimal matching.
  107. """
  108. # Calculate the pairwise absolute correlation matrix
  109. combined = pd.concat([df_A, df_B], axis=1)
  110. corr = combined.corr(method=method).abs()
  112. # Extract the cross-correlation submatrix (A vs B)
  113. cols_A = df_A.columns
  114. cols_B = df_B.columns
  115. cross_corr = corr.loc[cols_A, cols_B].values
  117. # Cost matrix is 1 - absolute correlation
  118. cost_matrix = 1.0 - cross_corr
  120. # Find the optimal bipartite matching
  121. row_ind, col_ind = linear_sum_assignment(cost_matrix)
  123. # Return the mean matched correlation (1 - cost)
  124. return cross_corr[row_ind, col_ind].mean()
  126. def visualize_corr_matrix(corr_matrix, title, figsize=(10,8)):
  127. plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
  128. sns.heatmap(
  129. corr_matrix,
  130. annot=True,
  131. fmt=".2f",
  132. cmap="coolwarm",
  133. vmin=0,
  134. vmax=1,
  135. square=True,
  136. cbar_kws={"shrink": .8}
  137. )
  138. plt.title(title, fontsize=12, pad=15)
  139. plt.xticks(rotation=45, ha='right', fontsize=9)
  140. plt.yticks(fontsize=9)
  141. plt.tight_layout()
  142. os.makedirs(OUTDIR, exist_ok=True)
  143. plt.savefig(os.path.join(OUTDIR, f"{title}.tiff"), dpi=600, bbox_inches='tight')
  144. plt.show()
  146. def cross_val(model, fs_method, num_folds = 5, n_repeats=5, random_state = 42):
  148. def call_fn(X_df, y_df):
  149. cv = RepeatedStratifiedKFold(n_splits=num_folds, n_repeats=n_repeats, random_state=random_state) # LeaveOneOut()
  150. y_preds, y_trues = [], []
  152. X, y = X_df.values, y_df.values
  153. for train_idx, test_idx in cv.split(X, y):
  154. X_train, X_test = X[train_idx], X[test_idx]
  155. y_train, y_test = y[train_idx], y[test_idx]
  157. train_selected_idxs = fs_method(X_train, y_train, k=k)
  158. X_train_selected = X_train[:, train_selected_idxs]
  159. X_test_selected = X_test[:, train_selected_idxs]
  161. y_pred = clone(model).fit(X_train_selected, y_train).predict_proba(X_test_selected)[:, 1]
  162. y_preds.append(y_pred)
  163. y_trues.append(y_test)
  165. y_true = np.concatenate(y_trues)
  166. y_pred = np.concatenate(y_preds)
  168. return y_true, y_pred
  170. return call_fn
  172. combined_signatures = {}
  174. # %%
  175. # Heterogeneous (Mixed-FS) Subgroups Analysis
  176. if __name__=="__main__":
  178. fs_method = select_topk_utest
  180. fup_radiomics_df = pd.read_csv(FUP_RADIOMICS_FILE, index_col=0)
  181. fup_radiomics_df = fup_radiomics_df[(fup_radiomics_df.tissue==TISSUE)&(fup_radiomics_df.bias_correction==BIAS)&(fup_radiomics_df.norm_roi==ZNORM_ROI)].copy().reset_index(drop=True)
  182. features = [feat for feat in fup_radiomics_df.columns for family in FEAT_FAMILIES if family in feat.lower()]
  184. # Combat parameters are learned from follow-up data used for stability study
  185. combat = CombatModel()
  187. variances = fup_radiomics_df[features].copy().var()
  188. zero_var_feats = variances[variances == 0].index
  190. nzvar_features = [feat for feat in features if feat not in zero_var_feats]
  191. combat.fit(data = fup_radiomics_df[nzvar_features].values, sites = fup_radiomics_df[[BATCH_COL]].apply(lambda x: x.astype('category').cat.codes).values)
  193. radiomics_df = pd.read_csv(BRN_RADIOMICS_FILE)[["pid", "sequence", "exclude"]+features]
  194. db = pd.read_excel(BRN_DB_FILE)[["ID", "CTCAE GRADE NECROSIS2"]]
  195. db = db.rename(columns={"ID":"pid"})
  196. radiomics_df = radiomics_df.merge(db, on="pid").reset_index(drop=True)
  197. radiomics_df["CTCAE_GRADE_NECROSIS"] = radiomics_df["CTCAE GRADE NECROSIS2"].fillna(0)
  198. radiomics_df[TARGET_LABEL] = (radiomics_df["CTCAE_GRADE_NECROSIS"]>=1).astype(int)
  199. radiomics_df = radiomics_df.dropna(subset=features, inplace=False)
  200. radiomics_df = radiomics_df[radiomics_df.exclude==0].reset_index(drop=True)
  202. stability_df = pd.read_csv(FUP_STABILITY_FILE)
  203. stability_df = stability_df[(stability_df.bias_correction==BIAS)&(stability_df.normalization==ZNORM_ROI)&(stability_df.tissue==TISSUE)&(stability_df.type==TYPE)]
  205. ## Performance Analysis on the heterogenous data
  206. estimator = make_pipeline(StandardScaler(), LogisticRegression(C=np.inf, random_state = 42)) #no penalty
  208. k = 4
  210. outputs = {}
  212. print(f"\nTarget label: {TARGET_LABEL} (prevalance= {len(radiomics_df[radiomics_df[TARGET_LABEL]==1])} / {len(radiomics_df)} = {radiomics_df[TARGET_LABEL].mean():.3f})")
  215. for ccc_stability, ccc_threshold in CCC_THRESHOLDS.items():
  217. print(f"\tCCC threshold: {ccc_stability}")
  219. combat_data_df = radiomics_df.copy().reset_index(drop=True)
  220. # transforming mixed-FS baseline features using Combat parameters learned from the stability study
  221. combat_data_df[nzvar_features] = combat.transform(data = combat_data_df[nzvar_features].values, sites = combat_data_df[[BATCH_COL]].apply(lambda x: x.astype('category').cat.codes).values)
  223. columns = stability_df[stability_df.ccc>=ccc_threshold].feature.to_list()
  224. stable_features = [feat for feat in columns if feat in features]
  226. print(f"\t\t# stable features = {len(stable_features)}")
  227. filtered_features = filter_near_zero(combat_data_df[stable_features])
  228. filtered_features = filter_high_corr(combat_data_df[filtered_features])
  230. print(f"\t\t# filtered features = {len(filtered_features)}")
  232. X_df = combat_data_df[filtered_features].copy().reset_index(drop=True)
  233. y_df = combat_data_df[TARGET_LABEL].copy().reset_index(drop=True)
  235. selected_idxs = fs_method(X_df.values, y_df.values, k=k)
  236. selected_features = X_df.iloc[:, selected_idxs].columns.to_list()
  238. combined_signatures[("fs + non-fs", ccc_stability)] = selected_features
  240. y_trues, y_preds = cross_val(estimator, fs_method, N_SPLITS, RANDOM_STATE)(X_df, y_df)
  241. _, _, ci, _, auc, _, info = Delong_test(y_trues, y_preds, y_preds, return_ci=True, return_auc=True, verbose = 0)
  243. utest_p = mannwhitneyu(y_preds[y_trues==0], y_preds[y_trues==1], alternative = 'two-sided').pvalue
  244. print(f"\t\t\t {estimator[-1].__class__.__name__}: AUC={auc:.3f} [{ci[0]:.3f}-{ci[1]:.3f}], p = {utest_p:.3f}")
  246. outputs[ccc_stability] = {"y_trues":y_trues, "y_preds":y_preds}
  248. # Delong's test between baseline vs. excellent features; good vs. excellent features
  250. y_trues = outputs[">=good"]["y_trues"]
  251. y_preds_baseline = outputs["baseline"]["y_preds"]
  252. y_preds_good = outputs[">=good"]["y_preds"]
  253. y_preds_excellent = outputs["excellent"]["y_preds"]
  255. _, p_value = Delong_test(y_trues, y_preds_baseline, y_preds_excellent, return_ci=False, return_auc=False, verbose = 0)
  256. print(f"Delong's test between baseline and excellent features: p_value={p_value:.3f}")
  258. _, p_value = Delong_test(y_trues, y_preds_good, y_preds_excellent, return_ci=False, return_auc=False, verbose = 0)
  259. print(f"Delong's test between >=good and excellent features: p_value={p_value:.3f}")
  261. #%%
  263. # Homogeneous subgroups (FS-only vs. non-FS only) analysis
  264. if __name__=="__main__":
  266. fs_method = select_topk_utest
  268. fup_radiomics_df = pd.read_csv(FUP_RADIOMICS_FILE, index_col=0)
  269. fup_radiomics_df = fup_radiomics_df[(fup_radiomics_df.tissue==TISSUE)&(fup_radiomics_df.bias_correction==BIAS)&(fup_radiomics_df.norm_roi==ZNORM_ROI)].reset_index(drop=True)
  270. features = [feat for feat in fup_radiomics_df.columns for family in FEAT_FAMILIES if family in feat.lower()]
  272. radiomics_df = pd.read_csv(BRN_RADIOMICS_FILE)[["pid", "sequence", "exclude"]+features]
  273. db = pd.read_excel(BRN_DB_FILE)[["ID", "CTCAE GRADE NECROSIS2"]]
  274. db = db.rename(columns={"ID":"pid"})
  275. radiomics_df = radiomics_df.merge(db, on="pid").reset_index(drop=True)
  276. radiomics_df["CTCAE_GRADE_NECROSIS"] = radiomics_df["CTCAE GRADE NECROSIS2"].fillna(0)
  277. radiomics_df[TARGET_LABEL] = (radiomics_df["CTCAE_GRADE_NECROSIS"]>=1).astype(int)
  278. radiomics_df = radiomics_df.dropna(subset=features, inplace=False)
  280. grp_radiomics_df = radiomics_df.groupby(by=["pid"]).agg(list).reset_index()
  281. pids_with_both_sequences = grp_radiomics_df[grp_radiomics_df.sequence.apply(lambda x: len(x)==2)].pid.to_list()
  282. radiomics_df = radiomics_df[radiomics_df.pid.isin(pids_with_both_sequences)].reset_index(drop=True)
  284. stability_df = pd.read_csv(FUP_STABILITY_FILE)
  285. stability_df = stability_df[(stability_df.bias_correction==BIAS)&(stability_df.normalization==ZNORM_ROI)&(stability_df.tissue==TISSUE)&(stability_df.type==TYPE)]
  287. estimator = make_pipeline(StandardScaler(), LogisticRegression(C=np.inf, random_state = 42)) #no penalty
  289. k = 2
  291. outputs = {}
  292. for sequence in ["t2w_fs", "t2w_nfs"]:
  294. print(f"\n**Homogeneous Subgroups: Sequence = {sequence}**")
  296. data_df = radiomics_df[(radiomics_df["sequence"]==sequence)].copy().reset_index(drop=True)
  298. print(f"\nTarget label: {TARGET_LABEL} (prevalance= {len(data_df[data_df[TARGET_LABEL]==1])} / {len(data_df)} = {data_df[TARGET_LABEL].mean():.3f})")
  300. for ccc_stability, ccc_threshold in CCC_THRESHOLDS.items():
  302. print(f"\tCCC threshold: {ccc_stability}")
  304. columns = stability_df[stability_df.ccc>=ccc_threshold].feature.to_list()
  305. stable_features = [feat for feat in columns if feat in features]
  307. print(f"\t\t# stable features = {len(stable_features)}")
  308. filtered_features = filter_near_zero(data_df[stable_features])
  309. filtered_features = filter_high_corr(data_df[filtered_features])
  311. print(f"\t\t# filtered features = {len(filtered_features)}")
  313. X_df = data_df[filtered_features].copy().reset_index(drop=True)
  314. y_df = data_df[TARGET_LABEL].copy().reset_index(drop=True)
  316. selected_idxs = fs_method(X_df.values, y_df.values, k=k)
  317. selected_features = X_df.iloc[:, selected_idxs].columns.to_list()
  319. combined_signatures[(sequence, ccc_stability)] = selected_features
  321. y_trues, y_preds = cross_val(estimator, fs_method, N_SPLITS, RANDOM_STATE)(X_df, y_df)
  322. _, _, ci, _, auc, _, info = Delong_test(y_trues, y_preds, y_preds, return_ci=True, return_auc=True, verbose = 0)
  324. utest_p = mannwhitneyu(y_preds[y_trues==0], y_preds[y_trues==1], alternative = 'two-sided').pvalue
  325. print(f"\t\t\t {estimator[-1].__class__.__name__}: AUC={auc:.3f} [{ci[0]:.3f}-{ci[1]:.3f}], p = {utest_p:.3f}")
  327. outputs[(sequence, ccc_stability)] = {"y_trues":y_trues, "y_preds":y_preds}
  329. y_trues = outputs[(sequence, ">=good")]["y_trues"]
  330. y_preds_baseline = outputs[(sequence, "baseline")]["y_preds"]
  331. y_preds_good = outputs[(sequence, ">=good")]["y_preds"]
  332. y_preds_excellent = outputs[(sequence, "excellent")]["y_preds"]
  334. _, p_value = Delong_test(y_trues, y_preds_baseline, y_preds_excellent, return_ci=False, return_auc=False, verbose = 0)
  335. print(f"\t\tDelong's test between baseline and excellent features: p_value={p_value:.3f}")
  337. _, p_value = Delong_test(y_trues, y_preds_good, y_preds_excellent, return_ci=False, return_auc=False, verbose = 0)
  338. print(f"\t\tDelong's test between >=good and excellent features: p_value={p_value:.3f}")
  340. y_trues = outputs[("t2w_fs", "excellent")]["y_trues"]
  341. y_preds_fs = outputs[("t2w_fs", "excellent")]["y_preds"]
  342. y_preds_nfs = outputs[("t2w_nfs", "excellent")]["y_preds"]
  344. _, p_value = Delong_test(y_trues, y_preds_fs, y_preds_nfs, return_ci=False, return_auc=False, verbose = 0)
  346. print(f"Delong's test between excellent fs and nfs features: p_value={p_value:.3f}")
  348. config_names = list(combined_signatures.keys())
  349. n_configs = len(config_names)
  350. pearson_mwmc_matrix = pd.DataFrame(np.zeros((n_configs, n_configs)), index=config_names, columns=config_names)
  351. spearman_mwmc_matrix = pd.DataFrame(np.zeros((n_configs, n_configs)), index=config_names, columns=config_names)
  353. for i in range(n_configs):
  354. for j in range(n_configs):
  355. name_A = config_names[i]
  356. name_B = config_names[j]
  358. pearson_mwmc_matrix.iloc[i, j] = mean_weighted_matching_correlation(radiomics_df[combined_signatures[name_A]], radiomics_df[combined_signatures[name_B]], method='pearson')
  359. spearman_mwmc_matrix.iloc[i, j] = mean_weighted_matching_correlation(radiomics_df[combined_signatures[name_A]], radiomics_df[combined_signatures[name_B]], method='spearman')
  362. for method, matrix in {"pearson":pearson_mwmc_matrix, "spearman":spearman_mwmc_matrix}.items():
  363. visualize_corr_matrix(matrix, method.capitalize() + " Correlation Matrix")
  367. # %%
  368. print(combined_signatures)
  370. '''
  371. {('t2w_fs', 'baseline'): ['wavelet-HLH_glcm_InverseVariance',
  372. 'lbp-3D-k_firstorder_10Percentile'],
  373. ('t2w_fs', '>=good'): ['lbp-3D-k_firstorder_10Percentile',
  374. 'wavelet-LHL_ngtdm_Strength'],
  375. ('t2w_fs', 'excellent'): ['lbp-3D-k_firstorder_10Percentile',
  376. 'wavelet-LHL_ngtdm_Strength'],
  377. ('t2w_nfs', 'baseline'): ['wavelet-LLL_glszm_LargeAreaHighGrayLevelEmphasis',
  378. 'lbp-3D-k_firstorder_10Percentile'],
  379. ('t2w_nfs', '>=good'): ['original_glszm_LargeAreaHighGrayLevelEmphasis',
  380. 'lbp-3D-k_firstorder_10Percentile'],
  381. ('t2w_nfs', 'excellent'): ['wavelet-LLH_gldm_GrayLevelNonUniformity',
  382. 'original_glszm_ZoneVariance']}
  384. '''

analysis.py at commit db60fad, under GPL-3.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Sithin Thulasi Seetha1, Giulia Fontana1, Sara Imparato2, Sara Lillo3,4, Lucia Pia Ciccone3, Marina Francesca Achilli2,5, Chiara Paganelli6, Silvia Molinelli7, Alberto Iannalfi3, Guido Baroni6,8, Lorenzo Preda5,9, Ester Orlandi3,5
ORCID iDs: Sithin Thulasi Seetha, Giulia Fontana, Sara Lillo, Lucia Pia Ciccone, Chiara Paganelli, Alberto Iannalfi, Lorenzo Preda, Ester Orlandi
  1. Clinical and Scientific Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  2. Radiology Unit, Clinical and Scientific Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  3. Radiation Oncology Unit, Clinical and Scientific Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  4. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  5. Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  6. Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
  7. Medical Physics Unit, Clinical and Scientific Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  8. Bioengineering Unit, Clinical and Scientific Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  9. Radiology Institute, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Institutions: National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy (Italy); University of Pavia (Italy); Politecnico di Milano (Italy); Policlinico San Matteo Fondazione (Italy)
Journal: Cancers, volume 18, issue 16, article 2636
Dates: received 10 July 2026; accepted 11 August 2026; published online 15 August 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.3390/cancers18162636 · PMID 42649948 · PMCID PMC13511151 · OpenAlex W7203643199
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: structural MRI / diffusion (modality), clinical / translational (subfield)
Methods: Connectivity, Statistics, Machine learning, Preprocessing
Keywords: chordoma, radiomics, brain radionecrosis, magnetic resonance imaging, fat saturation, reproducibility
Topic: Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging (Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC IG 2020 - n.24946)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 62 references in the paper

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In skull-base proton therapy, T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be acquired with or without fat saturation (FS). The present study investigated the impact of this protocol variation on radiomics feature stability and brain radionecrosis (BRN) prediction. Methods: Paired T2-weighted FS and non-FS follow-up MR scans of proton-treated skull-base chordoma patients (n = 52) were used to assess feature stability. For BRN prediction (CTCAEv5 grade ≥ 1), baseline planning scans of chordoma and chondrosarcoma patients (n = 80) with mixed FS protocols were used. Following automated brain tissue segmentation, 1911 radiomics features were extracted from cerebrospinal fluid, gray, and/or white matter using PyRadiomics (v3.1.0). Feature stability was quantified using Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Several MR image- and feature-level processing configurations were explored, and the stability of combined gray and white matter features served as the reference for selecting the optimal configuration. Features were stratified based on CCC thresholds and were subjected to univariable feature selection using a Mann–Whitney U-test. Logistic regression was used for predictive modeling and its performance was measured using micro-averaged AUC within a repeated stratified cross-validation framework. Results: Radiomics features were highly sensitive to FS variations (median CCC range: 0.21–0.58). Combat harmonization without image-level processing was selected as the optimal configuration, under which 30% of features achieved CCC ≥ 0.70, and 10.7% demonstrated a CCC ≥ 0.85. Restricting modeling to a highly stable subset eliminated nearly 90% of the baseline features while significantly improving predictive performance (ΔAUC = 0.05, p < 0.001). Conclusions: A subset of radiomics features robust to FS variations was identified. Use of these stable features may mitigate the impact of protocol-induced variability in mixed-FS T2-weighted MR data while simultaneously improving BRN prediction performance. These findings are preliminary and should be interpreted cautiously, given the pilot nature of the study.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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sithin-cnao/t2w_stability

License: GPL-3.0
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: db60fadafcc63a6005565731eebea9dc32b1c299, 21 August 2026
Languages: Python (11), Jupyter (4)
Size: 22 files, 15 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the text, “2.5. Stability Analysis”
Holds: README, license file, 4 notebooks
Not found: CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: NumPy (11 files), pandas (10 files), SimpleITK (9 files), Matplotlib (7 files), SciPy (5 files), pydicom (4 files), FreeSurfer (3 files), seaborn (3 files), ANTs (2 files), neuroCombat (2 files), PyRadiomics (2 files), FSL (1 file), scikit-learn (1 file), statsmodels (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers
17 files
At the source: github.com/sithin-cnao/t2w_stability.git

Tracing map

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Data

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Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors upon reasonable request.

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 12 authors, 6 keywords, 1 funder, 54 references.

Cite

This paper

Thulasi Seetha, S., Fontana, G., Imparato, S., Lillo, S., Ciccone, L. P., Achilli, M. F., Paganelli, C., Molinelli, S., Iannalfi, A., Baroni, G., Preda, L., & Orlandi, E. (2026). Exploring the Impact of T2-Weighted MRI Fat Saturation on Radiomics Stability for Brain Radionecrosis Prediction After Skull-Base Proton Therapy: A Pilot Study. Cancers, 18(16), 2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18162636

BibTeX

@article{thulasiseetha2026exploring,
author = {Thulasi Seetha, Sithin and Fontana, Giulia and Imparato, Sara and Lillo, Sara and Ciccone, Lucia Pia and Achilli, Marina Francesca and Paganelli, Chiara and Molinelli, Silvia and Iannalfi, Alberto and Baroni, Guido and Preda, Lorenzo and Orlandi, Ester},
title = {{Exploring the Impact of T2-Weighted MRI Fat Saturation on Radiomics Stability for Brain Radionecrosis Prediction After Skull-Base Proton Therapy: A Pilot Study}},
journal = {Cancers},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
volume = {18},
number = {16},
pages = {2636},
publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},
issn = {2072-6694},
doi = {10.3390/cancers18162636},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18162636},
pmid = {42649948},
pmcid = {PMC13511151}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Thulasi Seetha, Sithin
AU - Fontana, Giulia
AU - Imparato, Sara
AU - Lillo, Sara
AU - Ciccone, Lucia Pia
AU - Achilli, Marina Francesca
AU - Paganelli, Chiara
AU - Molinelli, Silvia
AU - Iannalfi, Alberto
AU - Baroni, Guido
AU - Preda, Lorenzo
AU - Orlandi, Ester
TI - Exploring the Impact of T2-Weighted MRI Fat Saturation on Radiomics Stability for Brain Radionecrosis Prediction After Skull-Base Proton Therapy: A Pilot Study
T2 - Cancers
J2 - Cancers (Basel)
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/15
VL - 18
IS - 16
SP - 2636
SN - 2072-6694
PB - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DO - 10.3390/cancers18162636
UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18162636
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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