OSCR

Suppressing Non-Stationary Motion Artefacts in Mobile EEG Using Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition.

Code ↔ Paper

The paper beside its authors' code: matches between them have not been computed for this paper yet.

Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

The paper is loaded when this pane is shown.

The authors' code

License · 39 lines · 6.7 KB · CC-BY-4.0

  1. Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal
  2. CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT DOES NOT CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. CREATIVE COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES REGARDING THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR THE INFORMATION OR WORKS PROVIDED HEREUNDER, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR THE INFORMATION OR WORKS PROVIDED HEREUNDER.
  3. Statement of Purpose
  5. The laws of most jurisdictions throughout the world automatically confer exclusive Copyright and Related Rights (defined below) upon the creator and subsequent owner(s) (each and all, an "owner") of an original work of authorship and/or a database (each, a "Work").
  7. Certain owners wish to permanently relinquish those rights to a Work for the purpose of contributing to a commons of creative, cultural and scientific works ("Commons") that the public can reliably and without fear of later claims of infringement build upon, modify, incorporate in other works, reuse and redistribute as freely as possible in any form whatsoever and for any purposes, including without limitation commercial purposes. These owners may contribute to the Commons to promote the ideal of a free culture and the further production of creative, cultural and scientific works, or to gain reputation or greater distribution for their Work in part through the use and efforts of others.
  9. For these and/or other purposes and motivations, and without any expectation of additional consideration or compensation, the person associating CC0 with a Work (the "Affirmer"), to the extent that he or she is an owner of Copyright and Related Rights in the Work, voluntarily elects to apply CC0 to the Work and publicly distribute the Work under its terms, with knowledge of his or her Copyright and Related Rights in the Work and the meaning and intended legal effect of CC0 on those rights.
  11. 1. Copyright and Related Rights. A Work made available under CC0 may be protected by copyright and related or neighboring rights ("Copyright and Related Rights"). Copyright and Related Rights include, but are not limited to, the following:
  13. i. the right to reproduce, adapt, distribute, perform, display, communicate, and translate a Work;
  15. ii. moral rights retained by the original author(s) and/or performer(s);
  17. iii. publicity and privacy rights pertaining to a person's image or likeness depicted in a Work;
  19. iv. rights protecting against unfair competition in regards to a Work, subject to the limitations in paragraph 4(a), below;
  21. v. rights protecting the extraction, dissemination, use and reuse of data in a Work;
  23. vi. database rights (such as those arising under Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, and under any national implementation thereof, including any amended or successor version of such directive); and
  25. vii. other similar, equivalent or corresponding rights throughout the world based on applicable law or treaty, and any national implementations thereof.
  27. 2. Waiver. To the greatest extent permitted by, but not in contravention of, applicable law, Affirmer hereby overtly, fully, permanently, irrevocably and unconditionally waives, abandons, and surrenders all of Affirmer's Copyright and Related Rights and associated claims and causes of action, whether now known or unknown (including existing as well as future claims and causes of action), in the Work (i) in all territories worldwide, (ii) for the maximum duration provided by applicable law or treaty (including future time extensions), (iii) in any current or future medium and for any number of copies, and (iv) for any purpose whatsoever, including without limitation commercial, advertising or promotional purposes (the "Waiver"). Affirmer makes the Waiver for the benefit of each member of the public at large and to the detriment of Affirmer's heirs and successors, fully intending that such Waiver shall not be subject to revocation, rescission, cancellation, termination, or any other legal or equitable action to disrupt the quiet enjoyment of the Work by the public as contemplated by Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose.
  29. 3. Public License Fallback. Should any part of the Waiver for any reason be judged legally invalid or ineffective under applicable law, then the Waiver shall be preserved to the maximum extent permitted taking into account Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose. In addition, to the extent the Waiver is so judged Affirmer hereby grants to each affected person a royalty-free, non transferable, non sublicensable, non exclusive, irrevocable and unconditional license to exercise Affirmer's Copyright and Related Rights in the Work (i) in all territories worldwide, (ii) for the maximum duration provided by applicable law or treaty (including future time extensions), (iii) in any current or future medium and for any number of copies, and (iv) for any purpose whatsoever, including without limitation commercial, advertising or promotional purposes (the "License"). The License shall be deemed effective as of the date CC0 was applied by Affirmer to the Work. Should any part of the License for any reason be judged legally invalid or ineffective under applicable law, such partial invalidity or ineffectiveness shall not invalidate the remainder of the License, and in such case Affirmer hereby affirms that he or she will not (i) exercise any of his or her remaining Copyright and Related Rights in the Work or (ii) assert any associated claims and causes of action with respect to the Work, in either case contrary to Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose.
  31. 4. Limitations and Disclaimers.
  33. a. No trademark or patent rights held by Affirmer are waived, abandoned, surrendered, licensed or otherwise affected by this document.
  35. b. Affirmer offers the Work as-is and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Work, express, implied, statutory or otherwise, including without limitation warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non infringement, or the absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the present or absence of errors, whether or not discoverable, all to the greatest extent permissible under applicable law.
  37. c. Affirmer disclaims responsibility for clearing rights of other persons that may apply to the Work or any use thereof, including without limitation any person's Copyright and Related Rights in the Work. Further, Affirmer disclaims responsibility for obtaining any necessary consents, permissions or other rights required for any use of the Work.
  39. d. Affirmer understands and acknowledges that Creative Commons is not a party to this document and has no duty or obligation with respect to this CC0 or use of the Work.

LICENSE, under CC-BY-4.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Mohammad Khazaei1, Khadijeh Raeisi1, Patrique Fiedler2,3, Pierpaolo Croce1,4,5, Filippo Zappasodi1,4,5, Silvia Comani1,5
ORCID iDs: Mohammad Khazaei, Khadijeh Raeisi, Patrique Fiedler, Pierpaolo Croce, Filippo Zappasodi, Silvia Comani
  1. Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (K.R.); (P.C.); (F.Z.)
  2. Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
  3. Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
  4. Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
  5. Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy
Institutions: University of Chieti-Pescara (Italy); Technische Universität Ilmenau (Germany); The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (United States)
Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), volume 26, issue 8, article 2440
Dates: received 7 March 2026; accepted 13 April 2026; published online 16 April 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.3390/s26082440 · PMID 42076550 · PMCID PMC13119521 · OpenAlex W7154590031
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: EEG (modality), human (organism), methods / tools (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Connectivity, Statistics, Preprocessing, Machine learning, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: automatic artefact removal, motion artefacts, mobile EEG, generalized eigenvalue decomposition
MeSH: Artifacts*, Electroencephalography*, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted*, Algorithms, Brain, Humans, Motion, Movement (* major topic)
Topic: EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (01QE2316C, 13GW0721C); German Academic Exchange Service (57712119); European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (101007521)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 54 references in the paper

Abstract

Highlights: What are the main findings?

A GED-based method is proposed for removing highly variable, non periodic motion-related artefacts in mobile EEG data.

The method uses covariance contrast between rest and motion EEG to identify motion-related artefacts and was validated in two real-world EEG datasets including table tennis gameplay.

What are the implications of the main findings?

GED outperforms ASR in preserving brain signal and suppressing high-amplitude artefacts.

Unlike ASR, GED avoids introducing high-frequency distortions during denoising.

Abstract: Mobile EEG enables investigating brain activity during real-world behaviour, but remains susceptible to motion artefacts, limiting signal interpretability and the use of advanced analytical techniques. Methods developed for removing motion-related artefacts induced by periodic activity like cycling, walking or juggling showed degraded performance with increasing movement variability and speed. To fill this gap, we developed a method based on generalized eigenvalue decomposition (GED) to identify and suppress highly variable, non-periodic—especially transient—artefacts due to very rapid, free full body movements of different types, as they occur during sports practice. By leveraging the contrast between covariance matrices of artefactual and resting-state EEG segments, this approach isolates motion-related components for removal during multichannel EEG signal reconstruction. The method was validated on two ecological datasets featuring stereotyped head and body movements and dynamic table tennis. Comparison with state-of-the-art technique showed superior performance of our method in terms of signal-to-error ratio (SER), artefact-to-residue ratio (ARR), brain spectral power preservation and computation time. Sensitivity analysis was applied to demonstrate the method’s robustness to parameter changes. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed method as a robust, generalizable approach for motion artefact suppression in mobile EEG, particularly when applied in extreme recording conditions like during active sports activity.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

Zenodo 17471748

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 29 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data Availability Statement”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
2 files
At the source: zenodo.org/records/17471748

Zenodo 17471747

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 29 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data Availability Statement”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
2 files
At the source:

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 0 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data Availability Statement

The original data presented in the study are openly available (DOI:10.5281/zenodo.17471747). The code of our proposed GED-based method is published in Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/17471748 (accessed on 30 October 2025).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 29 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 6 authors, 4 keywords, 8 MeSH terms, 3 funders, 54 references.

Cite

This paper

Khazaei, M., Raeisi, K., Fiedler, P., Croce, P., Zappasodi, F., & Comani, S. (2026). Suppressing Non-Stationary Motion Artefacts in Mobile EEG Using Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 26(8), 2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082440

BibTeX

@article{khazaei2026suppressing,
author = {Khazaei, Mohammad and Raeisi, Khadijeh and Fiedler, Patrique and Croce, Pierpaolo and Zappasodi, Filippo and Comani, Silvia},
title = {{Suppressing Non-Stationary Motion Artefacts in Mobile EEG Using Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition}},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {26},
number = {8},
pages = {2440},
publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},
issn = {1424-8220},
doi = {10.3390/s26082440},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082440},
pmid = {42076550},
pmcid = {PMC13119521}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Khazaei, Mohammad
AU - Raeisi, Khadijeh
AU - Fiedler, Patrique
AU - Croce, Pierpaolo
AU - Zappasodi, Filippo
AU - Comani, Silvia
TI - Suppressing Non-Stationary Motion Artefacts in Mobile EEG Using Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition
T2 - Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
J2 - Sensors (Basel)
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/16
VL - 26
IS - 8
SP - 2440
SN - 1424-8220
PB - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DO - 10.3390/s26082440
UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082440
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.3390/s26082440",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Suppressing Non-Stationary Motion Artefacts in Mobile EEG Using Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition",
"container-title": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)",
"author": [
{
"family": "Khazaei",
"given": "Mohammad"
},
{
"family": "Raeisi",
"given": "Khadijeh"
},
{
"family": "Fiedler",
"given": "Patrique"
},
{
"family": "Croce",
"given": "Pierpaolo"
},
{
"family": "Zappasodi",
"given": "Filippo"
},
{
"family": "Comani",
"given": "Silvia"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Sensors (Basel)",
"volume": "26",
"issue": "8",
"page": "2440",
"DOI": "10.3390/s26082440",
"PMID": "42076550",
"PMCID": "PMC13119521",
"ISSN": "1424-8220",
"publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082440",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
4,
16
]
]
}
}

The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.

Similar papers

The papers with a page that share the most with this one: the tools found in their code, their categories, datasets, cited references and authors, the rarest counting most.

[1] doi:10.1111/psyp.70352 [code]
Preprocessing on the Go: Practices in Gait-Related Mobile EEG.
Journal: Psychophysiology
In common: methods / tools, EEG, 8 references
[2] doi:10.1007/s00221-026-07342-6 [code]
A portable solution for simultaneous human movement and mobile EEG acquisition: readiness potential for basketball free-throw shooting.
Journal: Experimental brain research
In common: EEG, 7 references
[3] doi:10.1038/s41598-026-56070-y [code]
SSDLabeler: realistic semi-synthetic data generation for multi-label artifact classification in EEG.
Journal: Scientific reports
In common: EEG, 5 references
[4] doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10910-z [code]
Psychedelics align brain activity with context.
Journal: Nature
In common: EEG, 3 references
[5] doi:10.1038/s41539-026-00420-y
Neurophysiological prediction of competitive orientation via EEG during outcome evaluation in gamified learning.
Journal: NPJ science of learning
In common: EEG, 3 references
[6] doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122115 [code]
Midfrontal theta power relates to response speeding following frustrative nonreward.
Journal: NeuroImage
In common: EEG, 3 references
[7] doi:10.1111/ejn.70664
Electrophysiological Correlates of Encoding Indicate Altered Processing but Comparable Subsequent Memory Effects Across Virtual Reality and Desktop-Based Conditions.
Journal: The European journal of neuroscience
In common: EEG, 3 references
[8] doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1791834 [code]
Minimum data requirements and automated preprocessing for reliable EEG biomarkers in Rett syndrome.
Journal: Frontiers in neurology
In common: EEG, 3 references
[9] doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07476-w
EEG-Controlled Exoskeleton for Walking and Standing: A Longitudinal Multimodal Dataset of Healthy Individuals.
Journal: Scientific data
In common: methods / tools, EEG, 2 references
[10] doi:10.3390/e28040390
Age-Related Changes in EEG Signal Complexity and Behavioral Variability from Childhood to Adulthood: A Multiscale Entropy Approach.
Journal: Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
In common: EEG, 3 references

Contribute

The authors of this paper can claim it, correct its record and validate its tracing map, and the maintainers of its code (its owner, or a public member of its organization) correct what it says of their repository; anyone signed in can ask for its removal. Every request goes to OSCR's own machine, which answers it; your account page follows them.

Sign in with ORCID to claim this paper as one of its authors, correct its record or validate its tracing map: when the paper's metadata lists your ORCID iD, you are recognized at once. Maintainers of its code: sign in with GitHub, then claim the repository on your account page.

Request its removal

To ask OSCR to remove this record, the copies of its authors' scripts or its tracing map, use the removal request page: signed in, you say who you are, what to remove and why, then review and confirm the request. Published rules decide every request (how).

Discussion, reproductions, activity

Discussion: questions and error reports about this paper and its code, from signed-in readers and its authors. It opens with sign-in.

Reproductions: reports from readers who ran the authors' code: what they reproduced, with which environment, commit and data. It opens with sign-in.

Activity: what happens around this paper: new versions of its record, its map's validation, discussions and reproductions. It opens with sign-in.