The inferior olive transforms upstream sensorimotor errors into cerebellar teaching signals

Overview

1. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre of Biophotonics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, United Kingdom

Abstract

Adaptive behavior requires evaluating whether sensory feedback matches expectations derived from motor commands. In cerebellar theories, climbing fibers arising from the inferior olive (IO) convey prediction error signals that instruct learning, yet how these signals are constructed remains unresolved. Using larval zebrafish performing visuomotor behaviors in virtual reality, we combined two-photon calcium imaging with glutamate sensors to measure excitatory input to the IO and climbing fiber output under identical conditions. IO activity scaled with discrepancies between expected and experienced optic flow across open- and closed-loop perturbations. Strikingly, excitatory drive to the IO already contained structured, motor-dependent information consistent with error-like signals. Comparison of input and output revealed selective, frequency-dependent transmission from the olive to the cerebellum. These findings suggest where error representations arise in the olivo-cerebellar pathway and support a model in which climbing fiber teaching signals reflect upstream processing combined with filtering within the IO.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY-NC), from the paper cited above.

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Data

Datasets cited

• data.mendeley.com/datasets/r9vn7×287r, at Mendeley Data; found in the references
• zenodo:18961438, at Zenodo; found in “Data Accessibility”

Data Accessibility

All data are available from the accompanying Zenodo repository at 10.5281/zenodo.18961438 (http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18961438).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY-NC), from the paper cited above.

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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, journal, dates, 3 authors, 5 keywords, 1 funder, 46 references.

Cite

This paper

Mullen, P., Shaweis, H., & Zwart, M. (2026). The inferior olive transforms upstream sensorimotor errors into cerebellar teaching signals. bioRxiv (preprint). https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.11.711185

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