Auditory-motor interactions are sensitive to adaptation and learning on multiple timescales
The 2 matches
- [1] § Materials and method › EEG acquisition and preprocessing ↔ preprocessing/pp_prepost.py, lines 230 to 282 · score 0.59 · notch filtered, bandpass, MNE, preprocessed, EEG, channels · Report a mismatch
- [2] § Results › The effects of musical expertise ↔ ARTICLE_FIGS/[FIGURE_REVISION_S10A]_GSI_scores.ipynb, lines 105 to 198 · score 0.57 · musical sophistication, musical training, active, score, formal, musicians · Report a mismatch
Paper
Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser; OSCR does not store it: doi.org · Europe PMC
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The authors' code
Python · 394 lines · 15 KB · MIT · 1 match
- import mne
- import os
- import glob
- import numpy as np
- import pandas as pd
- from scipy.io import savemat
- import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
- import pickle
- import sys
- sys.path.append('../utils')
- from pp_utils import *
- #======================================================================================
- # SPECIFY SUBJECTS AND WHAT PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
- #======================================================================================
- subjects_to_process = ['01']
- periods = ['post']
- bad_chs = [] #put the bad channel names here; process subjects with bad channels separately
- #======================================================================================
- # PREPROCESSING PARAMETERS
- #======================================================================================
- plot = False
- check_events = True
- FS_ORIG = 2048 # Hz
- #fs was 1024 for participant 03
- # Printing general info
- print_info = False
- # Notch filtering
- notch_applied = True
- freq_notch = 50
- # Bandpass filtering
- bpf_applied = True
- freq_low = 1
- freq_high = 30
- bandpass = str(freq_low) + '-' + str(freq_high)
- ftype = 'butter'
- order = 3
- # Spherical interpolation
- int_applied = False
- interpolation = 'spline'
- # Rereferencing using average of mastoids electrodes
- reref_applied = True
- reref_type = 'Mastoids' #Mastoids #Average
- # Downsampling
- down_applied = True
- downfreq = 128
- if not down_applied:
- downfreq = FS_ORIG
- downfreq_factor =int(FS_ORIG/downfreq)
- #======================================================================================
- # INITIALIZE DIRECTORIES
- #======================================================================================
- root_dir = "/Users/cindyzhang/Documents/M2/Audiomotor_Piano/AM-EEG/data_raw" #where the raw bdf files are
- output_base = f'/Users/cindyzhang/Documents/M2/Audiomotor_Piano/AM-EEG/data_preprocessed_{freq_high}Hz' #where all the preprocessed .mat files and other info go
- #======================================================================================
- # LOOP THROUGH SUBJECTS
- #======================================================================================
- for subject in subjects_to_process:
- for period in periods:
- if period == 'pre':
- file = f'/Users/cindyzhang/Documents/M2/Audiomotor_Piano/AM-EEG/data_raw/sub_{subject}/sub_{subject}_01.bdf'
- elif period == 'post':
- file = f'/Users/cindyzhang/Documents/M2/Audiomotor_Piano/AM-EEG/data_raw/sub_{subject}/sub_{subject}_03.bdf'
- else: #just pick a random file for a test
- file = f'/Users/cindyzhang/Documents/M2/Audiomotor_Piano/AM-EEG/data_raw/sub_{subject}/sub_{subject}_01.bdf'
- print('Processing file: ', file)
- #======================================================================================
- # check events
- #======================================================================================
- if check_events == True:
- #load file
- raw = mne.io.read_raw_bdf(file, eog=None, misc=None, stim_channel='Status',
- infer_types=False, preload=True, verbose=None)
- #mark bad channels
- raw.info['bads'] = bad_chs
- events = mne.find_events(raw, stim_channel='Status', shortest_event=1)
- events_2, events_3, events_4, events_5, events_6, trial_starts = sort_events(events)
- #check events
- plot_subset = False
- start = 0
- end = 100
- plt.figure(figsize = (20,10))
- if plot_subset:
- #keystrokes
- plt.eventplot(events_2[:,0][start:end], lineoffsets = 0)
- plt.eventplot(events_3[:,0][start:end], color = 'green', lineoffsets = -2)
- plt.eventplot(events_4[:,0][start:end], color = 'orange', lineoffsets = -3)
- plt.eventplot(events_5[:,0][start:end], color = 'red', lineoffsets=-4)
- else:
- plt.eventplot(events_2[:,0], lineoffsets = 0)
- plt.eventplot(events_3[:,0], color = 'green', lineoffsets = -2)
- plt.eventplot(events_4[:,0], color = 'orange', lineoffsets = -3)
- plt.eventplot(events_5[:,0], color = 'red', lineoffsets=-4)
- plt.title(f'Events subject {subject} {period} training')
- plt.show()
- df_pre = pd.DataFrame()
- subject_ID = file.split('/')[-2][-2:]
- if subject_ID == '03':
- FS_ORIG = 1024
- output_dir = os.path.join(output_base, subject_ID)
- if not os.path.exists(output_dir):
- os.makedirs(output_dir)
- #======================================================================================
- # READ EEG FILES
- #======================================================================================
- raw = mne.io.read_raw_bdf(file, eog=['EXG3', 'EXG4'], misc=None, stim_channel='Status',
- infer_types=False, preload=True, verbose=None)
- # Check metadata
- n_time_samps = raw.n_times
- time_secs = raw.times
- ch_names = raw.ch_names
- n_chan = len(ch_names)
- if print_info == True:
- print('the (cropped) sample data object has {} time samples and {} channels.'
- ''.format(n_time_samps, n_chan))
- print('The last time sample is at {} seconds.'.format(time_secs[-1]))
- print('The first few channel names are {}.'.format(', '.join(ch_names[:3])))
- print('bad channels:', raw.info['bads']) # chs marked "bad" during acquisition
- print(raw.info['sfreq'], 'Hz') # sampling frequency
- print(raw.info['description'], '\n') # miscellaneous acquisition info
- print(raw.info)
- if plot:
- raw.plot(start=100, duration=10)
- #======================================================================================
- # FIND TRIGGERS FOR SEGMENTING
- #======================================================================================
- #loading the raw events
- #the stim channel is called 'Status'
- events = mne.find_events(raw, stim_channel='Status', shortest_event=1) #raises exception if shortest event is default 2...?
- #...TO DO: import bad triggers noted in experiment from corresponding csv
- bad_triggers = []
- #events.pop(bad_triggers indices)
- #cleaned triggers according to channel
- #trial start and end are indicated in channel 5, filtered for 10+ min duration
- events_2, events_3, events_4, events_5, events_6, trial_starts = sort_events(events)
- #_, _, _, _, _, trial_starts = sort_events(events)
- #======================================================================================
- # CROPPING FILES TO THE TRIAL
- #======================================================================================
- print("trial starts: \n", trial_starts)
- #trial durations
- listen_dur = 665
- motor_dur = 600
- error_dur = 600
- #start times for cropping
- listen_start, motor_start, error_start = trial_starts[:,0]/FS_ORIG
- #end times
- listen_end = listen_start+listen_dur
- motor_end = motor_start+motor_dur
- error_end = error_start + error_dur
- #.....TO DO
- #add stuff for post
- #approximate crop for training?
- eeg_listen = raw.copy().crop(tmin = listen_start, tmax = listen_end)
- eeg_motor = raw.copy().crop(tmin = motor_start, tmax = motor_end)
- eeg_error = raw.copy().crop(tmin = error_start, tmax = error_end)
- #------------------------
- # CHOOSING FILES TO PROCESS
- #---------------------------
- #get the eeg data
- #eegs_to_process = [eeg_listen_pre, eeg_motor_pre, eeg_error_pre, eeg_listen_post, eeg_motor_post, eeg_error_post]
- eegs_to_process = [eeg_listen, eeg_motor, eeg_error]
- if period == 'pre':
- eeg_names = ['eeg_listen_pre', 'eeg_motor_pre', 'eeg_error_pre']
- elif period == 'post':
- eeg_names = ['eeg_listen_post', 'eeg_motor_post', 'eeg_error_post']
- else:
- eeg_names = [f'eeg_listen_{period}', f'eeg_motor_{period}', f'eeg_error_{period}']
- #======================================================================================
- # FILTERING
- #======================================================================================
- for i, data in enumerate(eegs_to_process):
- ## -------------
- ## Select channels
- ## -------------
- #eeg_channels = ch_names[:66] + [ch_names[-1]]
- eeg_channels = ch_names[0:72]
- eeg = data.copy().pick_channels(eeg_channels)
- if plot:
- eeg.plot(start=100, duration=10, n_channels=len(raw.ch_names))
- """eeg_channels = ch_names[0:66]
- eeg = eeg.pick_channels(eeg_channels)
- if plot:
- eeg.plot(start=100, duration=10, n_channels=len(raw.ch_names))"""
- ## -------------
- ## Notch filtering
- ## -------------
- df_pre['notch_applied'] = [notch_applied]
- if notch_applied:
- eeg = eeg.notch_filter(freqs=freq_notch)
- df_pre['notch'] = [freq_notch]
- if plot:
- eeg.plot()
- ## -------------
- ## BPFiltering
- ## -------------
- df_pre['bpf_applied'] = [bpf_applied]
- if bpf_applied:
- iir_params = dict(order=order, ftype=ftype)
- filter_params = mne.filter.create_filter(eeg.get_data(), eeg.info['sfreq'],
- l_freq=freq_low, h_freq=freq_high,
- method='iir', iir_params=iir_params)
- if plot:
- flim = (1., eeg.info['sfreq'] / 2.) # frequencies
- dlim = (-0.001, 0.001) # delays
- kwargs = dict(flim=flim, dlim=dlim)
- mne.viz.plot_filter(filter_params, eeg.info['sfreq'], compensate=True, **kwargs)
- # plt.savefig(os.path.join(output_dir, 'bpf_ffilt_shape.png'))
- eeg = eeg.filter(l_freq=freq_low, h_freq=freq_high, method='iir', iir_params=iir_params)
- df_pre['bandpass'] = [iir_params]
- df_pre['HPF'] = [freq_low]
- df_pre['LPF'] = [freq_high]
- if plot:
- eeg.plot()
- ## -------------
- ## Interpolation
- ## -------------
- df_pre['int_applied'] = [int_applied]
- if int_applied:
- eeg = eeg.interpolate_bads(reset_bads=False) #, method=interpolation
- # Get the indices and names of the interpolated channels
- interp_inds = eeg.info['bads']
- interp_names = [eeg.info['ch_names'][i] for i in interp_inds]
- # Print the number and names of the interpolated channels
- print(f'{len(interp_inds)} channels interpolated: {interp_names}')
- df_pre['interpolation'] = [interpolation]
- df_pre['interp_inds'] = [interp_inds]
- df_pre['interp_names'] = [interp_names]
- if plot:
- eeg.plot()
- ## -------------
- ## Rereferencing
- ## -------------
- df_pre['reref_applied'] = [reref_applied]
- if reref_applied:
- # Set electrodes for rereferencing
- if reref_type == 'Mastoids':
- #accounting for different channel names on different computers
- if 'M1' in eeg.ch_names:
- reref_channels = ['M1', 'M2']
- else:
- reref_channels = ['EXG1', 'EXG2']
- else:
- reref_channels = 'average'
- # Actually r-referencing signals
- eeg = eeg.set_eeg_reference(ref_channels=reref_channels)
- df_pre['reref_type'] = [reref_type]
- df_pre['reref_channels'] = [reref_channels]
- if plot:
- eeg.plot()
- ## -------------
- ## Downsampling
- ## -------------
- df_pre['down_applied'] = [down_applied]
- df_pre['downfreq'] = [downfreq]
- if down_applied:
- eeg = eeg.resample(sfreq=downfreq)
- if plot:
- eeg.plot()
- #======================================================================================
- # UPDATE TRIGGERS
- #======================================================================================
- #create support vectors
- #zero array with downsampled dimensions
- events_original = np.zeros((5, data.get_data().shape[1])) #5 rows = event types, along time axis zero when there is an event and 1 everywhere else
- #get triggers
- section_triggers = mne.find_events(data, stim_channel='Status', shortest_event=1)
- events_2, events_3, events_4, events_5, events_6, section_start = sort_events(section_triggers, clean = True)
- #get trial start time
- section_start = section_start[0][0]
- #find indices corrected for start time
- indices_2 = (events_2[:,0]) - section_start
- indices_3 = (events_3[:,0]) - section_start
- indices_4 = (events_4[:,0]) - section_start
- indices_5 = (events_5[:,0]) - section_start
- #populate event array with 1s where there are events
- events_original[0][indices_2] = 1
- events_original[1][indices_3] = 1
- events_original[2][indices_4] = 1
- events_original[3][indices_5] = 1
- #resample while preserving events
- cropped_length = eeg.get_data().shape[1]
- events_resampled = np.zeros((5, cropped_length))
- for row in range(events_resampled.shape[0]):
- events_resampled[row] = discretize(events_original[row], final_length = cropped_length, downfreq_factor = downfreq_factor)
- #======================================================================================
- # SAVING CROPPED FILES
- #======================================================================================
- name = eeg_names[i]
- eeg_tosave = eeg.get_data()
- savemat(os.path.join(output_dir,f'{name}_{subject_ID}.mat'),
- {'all_electrodes': eeg_tosave[0:72],
- 'trial_data': eeg_tosave[0:64, :],
- 'trial_mastoids': eeg_tosave[64:66, :],
- 'trial_exg': eeg_tosave[66:72, :],
- 'events': events_resampled})
- ## -------------
- ## Save preprocessing stages
- ## -------------
- df_pre.to_csv(os.path.join(output_dir, f"preprocess_record_{subject_ID}_{period}.csv"), index=False)
pp_prepost.py at commit 2aa6de3, under MIT · at the source
Overview
- Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
- Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son Lab, CNRS, IRCAM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Neural Systems Laboratory, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
Abstract
Auditory-motor learning is critical in mastering the production of complex sounds, such as speaking and playing music. It is anchored upon internal models of interactions between actions and their sensory consequences, which are fine-tuned by minimizing the errors between the predicted and received sound. Here, we applied the concept of surprisal to a piano-playing task to probe the neural dynamics of sensorimotor learning. Specifically, during play, the key-pitch map was changed unpredictably among three map configurations: normal, inverted, and shifted-inverted. At the change boundaries, a signature of violated motor-to-auditory predictions was found in the auditory evoked responses at N100 which could not be attributed to either purely auditory surprisals or motor execution errors. This surprisal is modulated by short-term context, with greater surprise following longer periods of no map change, indicating that the brain continuously tracks short-term map contexts and rapidly adapts to them. In contrast, 30 minutes of extended goal-directed training on a single map modulated P50 amplitude only for that map, which can be explained by a slow, persistent modulation of motor predictions from the auditory signals. Hence, while auditory predictions from motor actions are rapidly and implicitly learned within short-term contexts, the complementary process of adjusting motor inferences from auditory inputs requires targeted training sustained over time. Our approach of studying auditory-motor surprisal in time-varying sequences reveals that auditory-motor learning is fast, context-sensitive, and shaped by both short- and long-term experience.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 2 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
haiqin-zhang/AuditoryMotorPiano
2aa6de3aa0e1d963119f02fce4d93ec23e40c829, 12 August 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers
- 30 September 2026: the link answers
31 files
- ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_2A]_midi_viz.ipy , Jupyter, 69 linesnb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_3CDE]_error_erp_ , Jupyter, 672 linescomparelistenplay.ipynb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_5C]_plot_trainin , Jupyter, 133 linesg_scores.ipynb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_6E_S4_S7_S8B]_av , Jupyter, 915 linese_ERPs_bymap.ipynb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_6F]_mapchange_BH , Jupyter, 478 lines.ipynb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_7A_S5_S6]_plot_e , Jupyter, 228 linesrps_LME.ipynb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_REVISION_3AB_6AB , Jupyter, 849 linesCDG_S3_S10B]_ave_error_E RPs_prepost.ipynb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_REVISION_3F]_idy , Jupyter, 265 linesompy_surprisal.ipynb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_REVISION_4BD]_su , Jupyter, 499 linesrprisal_mapchange_contex t.ipynb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_REVISION_7E_S11_ , Jupyter, 547 linesS12]_analyze_mtrf_preds. ipynb - ARTICLE_FIGS/
[FIGURE_REVISION_S10A]_G , Jupyter, 365 lines, 1 matchSI_scores.ipynb - analysis_error/
midi_analysis/ , Jupyter, 184 linesmidi_viz.ipynb - analysis_error/
mtrf_error_surprise/ , Jupyter, 567 linesanalyze_mtrf_preds.ipynb - analysis_error/
mtrf_error_surprise/ , Jupyter, 255 linesbackwards_mtrf_train_pre d.ipynb - analysis_error/
mtrf_error_surprise/ , Jupyter, 305 linesprep_sv.ipynb - data_idyom/
keystroke_data/ , Python, 55 linesconvert_to_midi.py - preprocessing/
ep_ERP.py , Python, 163 lines - preprocessing/
pp_prepost.py , Python, 394 lines, 1 match - preprocessing/
variable_map_ERP.py , Python, 214 lines - utils/
ERP_utils.py , Python, 649 lines - utils/
mTRF_utils.py , Python, 127 lines - utils/
midi_utils.py , Python, 12 lines - utils/
normalize_eeg.py , Python, 135 lines - utils/
nsl_wavelet_utils.py , Python, 29 lines - utils/
plot_utils.py , Python, 150 lines - utils/
pp_utils.py , Python, 450 lines - utils/
readfiles_utils.py , Python, 73 lines - utils/
stats_utils.py , Python, 247 lines - utils/
update_sub_lists.py , Python, 61 lines - LICENSE, License, 21 lines
- readme.md, Text, 11 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
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Data
Datasets cited
- zenodo:17949131, at Zenodo; found in “Data availability”
Data availability
The code for analyzing data and generating the figures is available on Github at https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, journal, dates, 3 authors, 5 keywords, 1 funder, 63 references.
Cite
This paper
Zhang, H., Cantisani, G., & Shamma, S. (2026). Auditory-motor interactions are sensitive to adaptation and learning on multiple timescales. bioRxiv (preprint). https://
BibTeX
@article{zhang2026audito
author = {Zhang, Haiqin and Cantisani, Giorgia and Shamma, Shihab},
title = {{Auditory-motor interactions are sensitive to adaptation and learning on multiple timescales}},
journal = {bioRxiv (preprint)},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
publisher = {bioRxiv},
issn = {2692-8205},
doi = {10.64898/
url = {https://
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Zhang, Haiqin
AU - Cantisani, Giorgia
AU - Shamma, Shihab
TI - Auditory-motor interactions are sensitive to adaptation and learning on multiple timescales
T2 - bioRxiv (preprint)
J2 - bioRxiv
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
SN - 2692-8205
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/
UR - https://
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.64898/
"type": "article",
"title": "Auditory-motor interactions are sensitive to adaptation and learning on multiple timescales",
"container-title": "bioRxiv (preprint)",
"author": [
{
"family": "Zhang",
"given": "Haiqin"
},
{
"family": "Cantisani",
"given": "Giorgia"
},
{
"family": "Shamma",
"given": "Shihab"
}
],
"container-title-short":
"DOI": "10.64898/
"ISSN": "2692-8205",
"publisher": "bioRxiv",
"URL": "https://
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
25
]
]
}
}
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