Ultrasound neuromodulation hypotheses on the directionality of effects and community resource.
The 2 matches
- [1] § Results › How to use and contribute to the inTUS Resource ↔ Caffaratti_et_al_inTUS_Resource/inTUS_Rscript_1-2025.Rmd, lines 23 to 63 · score 0.65 · Qualtrics form, RStudio, markdown script, inTUS, caffaratti, submit · Report a mismatch
- [2] § Results › Meta-analysis limitations ↔ Caffaratti_et_al_inTUS_Resource/inTUS_Rscript_1-2025.Rmd, lines 23 to 63 · score 0.55 · RStudio, Markdown script, inTUS, Qualtrics, welcome, hope · Report a mismatch
Paper
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The authors' code
R Markdown · 268 lines · 8.8 KB · no license · 2 matches
- ---
- title: "inTUS - Transcranial Ultrasound Resource Output"
- author: "Ben Slater, Hugo Caffaratti and Chris Petkov"
- date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
- output:
- pdf_document: default
- html_document:
- df_print: paged
- header-includes:
- - \usepackage{helvet}
- - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
- - \renewcommand\familydefault{\sfdefault}
- fontsize: 12pt
- html_document: html
- css: "table-style.css"
- institution: Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK; Dept. Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, USA
- ---
- ```{r document setup, include = FALSE}
- knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
- ```
- # Citation information
- Please cite the original paper: **Caffaratti *et al.*, eLife 2024**
- <https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/100827>
- # Instructions on use
- 1. Open this R markdown script into RStudio to run it section by section, tested with RStudio 2024 on a Windows PC. The current version only generates the box plots from the paper and the statistical results.
- 2. Make sure that the data table (e.g., 'Tables_R_version_01_24.csv') is in the working directory, visible to R.
- 3. Run the script section by section to generate the plots and results. Alternatively, if comfortable in using R, click the Knit button in the toolbar above.
- 4. Please use the Qualtrics form to submit TUS parameters from a paper not on the datasets. We'll aim to update them semi-annually:
- <https://uiowa.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_4VOvb0fdwvACDkO>
- 5. We hope you find the inTUS resource useful. We'll be working on evaluating it with multivariate pattern analyses once the sample sizes grow, and welcome your input.
- 6. Apologies we are not able to provide more support than making the resource documents available for R and RStudio users to use. Please contacts R team for support in using R.
- 7. Email the corresponding authors or contact us via the Qualtrics form with other queries: Hugo Caffaratti, Ben Slater & Chris Petkov.
- ```{r load libraries, include = FALSE}
- essential_packages <- c("dplyr", "rstatix", "ggplot2", "GGally", "car")
- # Function to install missing packages
- install_if_missing <- function(pkg) {
- if (!requireNamespace(pkg, quietly = TRUE)) {
- install.packages(pkg, dependencies = TRUE)
- }
- }
- # Install missing packages
- lapply(essential_packages, install_if_missing)
- # Load libraries
- invisible(lapply(essential_packages, library, character.only = TRUE))
- ```
- ```{r dataframe, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- # Please replace with the path to where the latest .csv file was downloaded
- # setwd("/[YOUR WORKING DIRECTORY WITH DATABASE]")
- # Please enter the name of the relevant file
- df <- read.csv("inTUS_DATABASE_1-2025.csv")
- df_values <- df %>%
- select(Effect, Mode, Isppa_brain, DC, SD, PRF, PD)
- df_values <- reorder_levels(df_values,
- Effect, c("Enhancement", "Disruption"))
- df_values <- reorder_levels(df_values,
- Mode, c("Online", "Offline"))
- ```
- \newpage
- # Boxplots
- Plots to show the distribution of the data for each of the continuous variables.
- ## I~sppa~ (brain - W/cm^2^)
- ```{r Isppa boxplots, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- ggplot(df_values, aes(x = Effect, y = Isppa_brain)) +
- geom_boxplot() +
- geom_jitter(width = .2) +
- facet_wrap(Mode ~., scales = "fixed", ncol = 2) +
- labs(title = "",
- x = "",
- y = expression(I[sspa]~Brain~(W/cm^2))) +
- theme(axis.line = element_line(linewidth = 1, colour = "black"),
- axis.ticks = element_line(linewidth = 1),
- axis.ticks.length = unit(2, "mm"),
- panel.background = element_blank(),
- legend.text = element_text(size = 16, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- text = element_text(size = 14, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- axis.text.y = element_text(size = 16, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12, family = "Helvetica", color = "black", vjust = - 1.5),
- axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = + 1.5),
- plot.margin=grid::unit(c(2,2,2,2), "mm"))
- ```
- ## Duty Cycle (%)
- ```{r DC boxplot, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- ggplot(df_values, aes(x = Effect, y = DC)) +
- geom_boxplot() +
- geom_jitter(width = .2) +
- facet_wrap(Mode ~ ., scales = "fixed", ncol = 2) +
- labs(title = "",
- x = "",
- y = "DC (%)") +
- theme(axis.line = element_line(linewidth = 1, colour = "black"),
- axis.ticks = element_line(linewidth = 1),
- axis.ticks.length = unit(2, "mm"),
- panel.background = element_blank(),
- legend.text = element_text(size = 16, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- text = element_text(size = 14, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- axis.text.y = element_text(size = 16, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12, family = "Helvetica", color = "black", vjust = - 1.5),
- axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = + 1.5),
- plot.margin=grid::unit(c(2,2,2,2), "mm"))
- ```
- ## Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz)
- ```{r PRF boxplot, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- ggplot(df_values, aes(x = Effect, y = PRF)) +
- geom_boxplot() +
- geom_jitter(width = .2) +
- facet_wrap(Mode ~ ., scales = "fixed", ncol = 2) +
- labs(title = "",
- x = "",
- y = "PRF (Hz)") +
- theme(axis.line = element_line(linewidth = 1, colour = "black"),
- axis.ticks = element_line(linewidth = 1),
- axis.ticks.length = unit(2, "mm"),
- panel.background = element_blank(),
- legend.text = element_text(size = 16, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- text = element_text(size = 14, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- axis.text.y = element_text(size = 16, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12, family = "Helvetica", color = "black", vjust = - 1.5),
- axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = + 1.5),
- plot.margin=grid::unit(c(2,2,2,2), "mm"))
- ```
- ## Sonication Duration (SD)
- ```{r SD boxplot, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- ggplot(df_values, aes(x = Effect, y = SD)) +
- geom_boxplot() +
- geom_jitter(width = .2) +
- facet_wrap(Mode ~ ., scales = "fixed", ncol = 2) +
- labs(title = "",
- x = "",
- y = "SD (sec)") +
- theme(axis.line = element_line(linewidth = 1, colour = "black"),
- axis.ticks = element_line(linewidth = 1),
- axis.ticks.length = unit(2, "mm"),
- panel.background = element_blank(),
- legend.text = element_text(size = 16, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- text = element_text(size = 14, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- axis.text.y = element_text(size = 16, family = "Helvetica", color = "black"),
- axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12, family = "Helvetica", color = "black", vjust = - 1.5),
- axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = + 1.5),
- plot.margin=grid::unit(c(2,2,2,2), "mm"))
- ```
- # Summary statistics
- Overview of each key variable split by whether the resulting effect was 'disruptive' or 'enhanced'.
- ```{r summary stats, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- df_summary <- df_values %>%
- group_by(Effect) %>%
- get_summary_stats(Isppa_brain, DC, PRF, SD, type = "mean_sd")
- knitr::kable(df_summary)
- ```
- \newpage
- # Correlation Matrix
- A simplified correlation matrix, this time the coloured scale refers to strength of correlation:
- - Blue refers to a **negative** correlation
- - Red refers to a **positive** correlation
- ```{r correlation matrix, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- ggcorr(df_values, method = c("everything", "pearson"), label = TRUE)
- ```
- \newpage
- # Logistic Regression
- A binomial logistic regression to understand the relationship between the key variables and the main categorical variables:
- - Effect: Disruption vs. Enhancement
- - Mode: Online vs. Offline stimulation
- ## I~sppa~ (brain - W/cm^2^)
- ```{r IsppaRegression, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- IsspaModel <- glm(data = df_values,
- Effect ~ 1 + Mode + Isppa_brain,
- family = "binomial")
- summary(IsspaModel)
- ```
- \newpage
- ## Sonication Duration (sec)
- ```{r SDRegression, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- SDmodel <- glm(data = df_values,
- Effect ~ 1 + Mode + SD, family = "binomial")
- summary(SDmodel)
- ```
- \newpage
- ## Duty Cycle (%)
- ```{r DCRegression, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- DCmodel <- glm(data = df_values,
- Effect ~ 1 + Mode + DC, family = "binomial")
- summary(DCmodel)
- ```
- \newpage
- ## Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz)
- ```{r PRFRegression, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
- PRFmodel <- glm(data = df_values,
- Effect ~ 1 + Mode + PRF, family = "binomial")
- summary(PRFmodel)
- ```
- \newpage
inTUS_Rscript_1-2025.Rmd, no license · at the source
Overview
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa United States
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Iowa City United States
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Nottingham United Kingdom
- Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U1208, University of Lyon Lyon France
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin at Madison Madison United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Iowa City United States
Abstract
Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a promising non-invasive technique for brain stimulation and focal neuromodulation. Research with humans and animal models has raised the possibility that TUS can be biased towards enhancing or suppressing neural function. Here, we first collate a set of hypotheses on the directionality of TUS effects and conduct an initial meta-analysis on available healthy human participant TUS studies reporting stimulation parameters and outcomes (n=
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
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OSF arqp8
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 1 October 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
- 1 October 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
3 files
- Caffaratti_et_al_inTUS_R
esource/ , R, 268 lines, 2 matchesinTUS_Rscript_1-2025.Rmd - Petkov et al. 2025 - Live Review pilots/
PREreview_figures_REVISI , MATLAB, to read at its sourceON-LiveScript.mlx - Petkov et al. 2025 - Live Review pilots/
PREreview_figures_REVISI , MATLAB, 452 linesON.m
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
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- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.
Data availability
The datasets and R script generated in this study have been deposited in the Open Science Framework https://
The following dataset was generated:
PetkovC KikuchiY CalmusRM WikmanP BalezeauF OyaH RocchiF CaffarattiH 2026Laboratory of Comparative Neuropsychology Share - Neurophysiology, Neuroimaging, System PerturbationOpen Science Framework10.17605/
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
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Version 1, 30 October 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 18 authors, 6 keywords, 2 MeSH terms, 6 funders, 175 references.
Cite
This paper
Caffaratti, H., Slater, B., Shaheen, N., Rhone, A. E., Calmus, R., Kritikos, M., Kumar, S., Dlouhy, B., Oya, H., Griffiths, T. D., Boes, A., Trapp, N., Kaiser, M., Sallet, J., Banks, M. I., Howard, M. A., Zanaty, M., & Petkov, C. (2026). Ultrasound neuromodulation hypotheses on the directionality of effects and community resource. eLife, 13, RP100827. https://
BibTeX
@article{caffaratti2026u
author = {Caffaratti, Hugo and Slater, Ben and Shaheen, Nour and Rhone, Ariane E and Calmus, Ryan and Kritikos, Michael and Kumar, Sukhbinder and Dlouhy, Brian and Oya, Hiroyuki and Griffiths, Timothy D and Boes, Aaron and Trapp, Nicholas and Kaiser, Marcus and Sallet, Jerome and Banks, Matthew I and Howard, Matthew A and Zanaty, Mario and Petkov, Chris},
title = {{Ultrasound neuromodulation hypotheses on the directionality of effects and community resource}},
journal = {eLife},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
volume = {13},
pages = {RP100827},
publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
issn = {2050-084X},
doi = {10.7554/
url = {https://
pmid = {42950002},
pmcid = {PMC13716386}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Caffaratti, Hugo
AU - Slater, Ben
AU - Shaheen, Nour
AU - Rhone, Ariane E
AU - Calmus, Ryan
AU - Kritikos, Michael
AU - Kumar, Sukhbinder
AU - Dlouhy, Brian
AU - Oya, Hiroyuki
AU - Griffiths, Timothy D
AU - Boes, Aaron
AU - Trapp, Nicholas
AU - Kaiser, Marcus
AU - Sallet, Jerome
AU - Banks, Matthew I
AU - Howard, Matthew A
AU - Zanaty, Mario
AU - Petkov, Chris
TI - Ultrasound neuromodulation hypotheses on the directionality of effects and community resource
T2 - eLife
J2 - eLife
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 13
SP - RP100827
SN - 2050-084X
PB - eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
DO - 10.7554/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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