On-demand seizures facilitate rapid screening of therapeutics for epilepsy.
The 6 matches · 2 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: weak matches, whose lines are not tinted
- [1] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis and computational processing › Feature calculation ↔ plhg.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.93 · high gamma amplitude, Phase locked high, LFP phase, 4–30 Hz, 80–150 Hz, Hilbert
- [2] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis and computational processing › Linear mixed effect models and support vector machines ↔ main_RUN_THIS_FILE.m, lines 231–264 · score 0.71 · support vector machine, ground truth, Accuracy, SVM, error, spontaneous seizure
- [3] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis and computational processing › Feature calculation ↔ calculate_features.m, lines 1–48 · score 0.69 · Phase locked high, high gamma, absolute, root, square, amplitude
- [4] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis and computational processing › Linear mixed effect models and support vector machines ↔ spont_svm_characterization_fig3D.m, lines 1–42 · score 0.68 · support vector machine, ground truth, SVM, spontaneous seizure, baseline, events
- [5] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis and computational processing › Preprocessing ↔ filter_downsample.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.62 · notch filter, high pass filter, Butterworth, EEG
- [6] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis and computational processing › Induced activity length determination, thresholds, and calculation of thirds ↔ main_RUN_THIS_FILE.m, lines 103–206 · score 0.52 · Wilcoxon rank sum, trained, thresholds, model, durations, naive
Paper
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The authors' code
MATLAB · 279 lines · 10 KB · Apache-2.0 · 2 matches
- %% Welcome & Introduction ----------------------------------------------------
- % On-Demand Seizures Facilitate Rapid Screening of Therapeutics for Epilepsy
- % Authors: Yuzhang Chen, Brian Litt, Flavia Vitale, Hajime Takano
- % DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.101859
- % This code is to be used with the pre-processed source data below:
- % SOURCE DATA LOCATION
- % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- % Clears All Variables From Workplace & Command Line Output
- clear all; close all; clc;
- %% KEY: Set directory to Source File Directory -------------------------------
- directory = 'E:\eLife Export\';
- %% General Parameters & SubFolder List Compilation ---------------------------
- % Generate complete subfolder list, identify start and end of EEG data
- complete_list = dir(directory); dirFlags = [complete_list.isdir]; subFolders = complete_list(dirFlags);
- real_folder_st = find(ismember({subFolders.name},'EEG_000_START'));
- real_folder_end = find(ismember({subFolders.name},'EEG_999_END'));
- % Select Folders & Put into List Called SubFolders
- subFolders = subFolders(real_folder_st + 1:real_folder_end - 1);
- clear complete_list dirFlags real_folder_st real_folder_end;
- %% Parameters ----------------------------------------------------------------
- % Booleans
- % First Run? 0 - No; 1 - Yes
- first_run = 0;
- % Do Features Need to Be Calculated? 0 - No; 1 - Yes
- feat_calc = 1;
- % Should Figures Be Plotted? 0 - No; 1 - Yes How Long? plot_duration (s)
- to_plot = 0; plot_duration = 95;
- % Key Global Variables
- % Sampling Rate
- fs = 2000;
- % Feature window size (s). Window displacement (s).
- winLen = 0.5; winDisp = 0.25; overlap_per = winDisp/winLen*100;
- % Feature List - 1:12 include all features. Refer to calculate_features for
- % more information
- feature_list = [1:12];
- % Band Power Ranges (Hz)
- bp_filters = [1, 30; 30, 300; 300, fs/2];
- % Seizure Countdown/Cooldown Period For Automated Seizure Detection (s)
- countdown_sec = 5;
- %% Filters Extracted Data ----------------------------------------------------
- if first_run
- for folder_num = 1:length(subFolders)
- path_extract = strcat(directory,subFolders(folder_num).name,'\');
- filter_downsample(path_extract,fs,plot_duration);
- end
- end
- %% Feature Calculation -------------------------------------------------------
- if feat_calc && first_run
- for folder_num = 1:length(subFolders)
- path_extract = strcat(directory,subFolders(folder_num).name,'\');
- calculate_features(path_extract,1,feature_list,winLen, winDisp, bp_filters);
- end
- end
- %% Figure 3 A B & 4 A B - Plots of Individual Seizures -----------------------
- % Figure 3 A & B - Epileptic Induction Plots
- folder_num = find({subFolders.name} == "EEG_100_KA_THY_SST_CHR");
- path_extract = strcat(directory,subFolders(folder_num).name,'\');
- % Figure 3 A
- seizure = 21; time_idx = [6, 16; 18, 28; 42, 52]; filtered = 1; plot_duration = 65;
- plot_select_pairs_fig3A3B4A4B(path_extract, seizure, time_idx, plot_duration, filtered);
- % Figure 3 B
- seizure = 35; time_idx = [12, 22; 24, 34; 46, 56]; filtered = 1; plot_duration = 65;
- plot_select_pairs_fig3A3B4A4B(path_extract, seizure, time_idx, plot_duration, filtered);
- % Figure 4 A & B Naive Induction Plots
- folder_num = find({subFolders.name} == "EEG_110_NA_THY");
- path_extract = strcat(directory,subFolders(folder_num).name,'\');
- % Figure 4 A
- seizure = 1; time_idx = [8, 18; 22, 32; 34, 44]; filtered = 1; plot_duration = 55;
- plot_select_pairs_fig3A3B4A4B(path_extract, seizure, time_idx, plot_duration, filtered);
- % Figure 4 B
- seizure = 22; time_idx = [8, 18; 22, 32; 34, 44]; filtered = 1; plot_duration = 55;
- plot_select_pairs_fig3A3B4A4B(path_extract, seizure, time_idx, plot_duration, filtered);
- %% Seizure Duration Calculations and Thresholding - Figure A2 B C D E --------
- % Loads Seizure Model
- % Seizure_model_spont's model was trained on Animal 100 % Seizure 49
- % Training Function - fitcknn(X,Y) where X is merged temp_output_array and
- % Y is kmeans(X,3)
- load('seizure_model_spont.mat')
- max_trial = 200;
- % Loads 'To Fix' File For Manual Seizure Duration Fix (~15% of Trials)
- to_fix_chart = readmatrix(strcat(directory,"To Fix.csv"));
- % -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- % Merged sz_parameters and output_array
- animal_info = readtable(strcat(directory,'Animal Master.csv'));
- merged_output_array = [];
- merged_sz_parameters = [];
- % Performs seizure calculation
- for folder_num = 1:length(subFolders)
- path_extract = strcat(directory,subFolders(folder_num).name,'\');
- [seizure_duration,min_thresh,output_array,sz_parameters,to_fix_chart] = predict_seizure_duration(path_extract,sz_model,countdown_sec,to_fix_chart,to_plot,subFolders, max_trial,0);
- merged_output_array = [merged_output_array, output_array];
- merged_sz_parameters = [merged_sz_parameters; sz_parameters];
- seizure_duration_list(folder_num) = {seizure_duration};
- min_thresh_list(folder_num) = min_thresh;
- end
- % Threshold Comparisons
- pw = [min_thresh_list.power];
- pw (pw == -1 ) = NaN;
- dur = [min_thresh_list.duration];
- dur (dur == -1) = NaN;
- ep = table2array(animal_info(:,5));
- % Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
- pow_ep_vs_nv = ranksum(pw(ep == 1), pw(ep == 0))
- dur_ep_vs_nv = ranksum(dur(ep == 1), dur(ep == 0))
- % Epileptic Calculations
- ep_pow_mean = mean(pw(ep == 1))
- ep_pow_sd = std(pw(ep == 1))
- ep_dur_mean = mean(dur(ep == 1))
- ep_dur_sd = std(dur(ep == 1))
- min_thresh_success = [min_thresh_list.avg_success];
- ep_mean_success = mean(min_thresh_success(ep == 1))
- ep_sd_success = std(min_thresh_success(ep == 1))
- % Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
- succ_ep_vs_nv = ranksum(min_thresh_success(ep == 1), min_thresh_success(ep == 0))
- % Naive Calculations
- nv_pow_mean = nanmean(pw(ep == 0))
- nv_pow_sd = nanstd(pw(ep == 0))
- nv_dur_mean = nanmean(dur(ep == 0))
- nv_dur_sd = nanstd(dur(ep == 0))
- nv_mean_success = mean(min_thresh_success(ep == 0))
- nv_sd_success = std(min_thresh_success(ep == 0))
- % Figure A2 B C D E
- % The number of animals in 'Animal Master.csv' has to equal the number of
- % animals that were processed.
- threshold_and_success_rate_plot_func_figA2(directory,min_thresh_list,seizure_duration_list,1)
- % Overall Accuracy Within 5 Secs. Must Perform With All Animals!
- num_within_5sec = sum(to_fix_chart((to_fix_chart(:,1) > 99),6));
- animal_in_to_fix = size(to_fix_chart((to_fix_chart(:,1) > 99),6),1);
- accuracy_within_5sec = 1 - (animal_in_to_fix - num_within_5sec)/size(merged_sz_parameters,1)
- % Epileptic Only Accuracy
- total = sum(merged_sz_parameters (:,1) == 111) + sum(merged_sz_parameters (:,1) == 112) + sum(merged_sz_parameters (:,1) <= 107 & merged_sz_parameters (:,1) >= 100);
- fixed = sum(to_fix_chart(:,1) == 111 & to_fix_chart(:,6) == 0) + sum(to_fix_chart(:,1) == 112 & to_fix_chart(:,6) == 0) + sum(to_fix_chart(:,1) >= 100 & to_fix_chart(:,1) <= 107 & to_fix_chart(:,6) == 0);
- accuracy_within_5sec_ep = 1 - fixed/total
- % Naive Only Accuracy
- total = sum(merged_sz_parameters (:,1) >= 113 & merged_sz_parameters (:,1) <= 116) + sum(merged_sz_parameters (:,1) <= 110 & merged_sz_parameters (:,1) >= 108);
- fixed = sum(to_fix_chart(:,1) >= 113 & to_fix_chart(:,1) <= 116 & to_fix_chart(:,6) == 0) + sum(to_fix_chart(:,1) >= 108 & to_fix_chart(:,1) <= 110 & to_fix_chart(:,6) == 0);
- accuracy_within_5sec_nv = 1 - fixed/total
- clear min_thresh seizure_duration output_array sz_parameters animal_info
- %% Output Data To R ----------------------------------------------------------
- animal_info = readtable(strcat(directory,'Animal Master.csv'));
- % Special Case For Drug Trials. Only Export Above Threshold Ones W Pairing
- drug = 0;
- % Removes Second Stim Indices.
- second_stim = 1;
- for folder_num = 1:length(subFolders)
- path_extract = strcat(directory,subFolders(folder_num).name,'\');
- if folder_num == 1
- [final_divided,sz_parameters,feature_list] = extract_data_R(animal_info,path_extract,seizure_duration_list,[],folder_num,drug,second_stim,1);
- else
- [final_divided,sz_parameters,feature_list] = extract_data_R(animal_info,path_extract,seizure_duration_list,feature_list,folder_num,drug,second_stim,1);
- end
- end
- clear animal_info
- %% Spontaneous Seizure Support Vector Machine Plotting - Figure 3 D ----------
- % Appends Baseline Signals
- path_extract = strcat(directory,"EEG_END_BASELINE_FOR_SVM_ALL_ANIMALS",'\');
- [~,~,output_array_base,sz_param_base] = predict_seizure_duration(path_extract,sz_model,0,to_fix_chart,0,subFolders,2000,0);
- svm_merged_output_array = [merged_output_array, output_array_base];
- svm_merged_sz_parameters = [merged_sz_parameters; sz_param_base];
- svm_values = spont_svm_characterization_fig3D(svm_merged_output_array,svm_merged_sz_parameters);
- % Extracts Predictions and Ground Truth
- output_values = svm_values(:,1);
- true_output_values = svm_values(:,2);
- % Find Indices For Truth
- idx_evk = find(true_output_values == 3);
- idx_failed = find(true_output_values == 2);
- % True Positive
- evk_accuracy = sum(output_values(idx_evk,:) == true_output_values(idx_evk,:)) / length(idx_evk) * 100
- % True Negative
- failed_accuracy = sum(output_values(idx_failed,:) == true_output_values(idx_failed,:)) / length(idx_failed) * 100
- % Type I and Type II Errors
- false_positive = sum(output_values(idx_failed,:) == 3) / length(idx_failed) * 100
- false_negative = sum(output_values(idx_evk,:) == 2) / length(idx_evk) * 100
- % Note: Above Values were for both epileptic and naive. Extracting only
- % values of accuracy from epileptic animals (from the outputted figures)
- % gives the values reported in Figure 3 E
- %% Evoked Seizures Processing - Figures 3 C and 4 D --------------------------
- % Figure 3 C
- [final_feature_output, subdiv_index, merged_sz_duration] = spont_evok_plot_func_fig3C(merged_output_array,merged_sz_parameters,seizure_duration_list,directory,subFolders);
- set(gcf, 'Position', [469 445 636 521])
- % Figure 4 D
- [final_feature_output, subdiv_index, merged_sz_duration] = naiv_ep_plot_func_fig4D(merged_output_array,merged_sz_parameters,seizure_duration_list,directory,subFolders,1,4);
- set(gcf, 'Position', [207 516 1025 362])
- [final_feature_output, subdiv_index, merged_sz_duration] = naiv_ep_plot_func_fig4D(merged_output_array,merged_sz_parameters,seizure_duration_list,directory,subFolders,5,200);
- set(gcf, 'Position', [207 516 1025 362])
main_RUN_THIS_FILE.m at commit 318b9ac, under Apache-2.0 · at the source
Overview
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center Philadelphia United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia United States
Abstract
Animal models of epilepsy are critical in drug development and therapeutic testing. However, dominant methods for evaluating epilepsy treatments face a tradeoff between higher throughput and etiological relevance. Screening models are either based on acutely induced seizures in wild-type, naive animals or spontaneous seizures in chronically epileptic animals. Each has its disadvantages – acute convulsant or kindling-induced seizures do not account for the myriad neuropathological changes in the diseased, epileptic brains, and spontaneous behavioral seizures are sparse in chronically epileptic models, making it time-intensive to sufficiently power experiments. In this study, we developed the Opto-IHK (optogenetically induced seizures in intrahippocampal kainate mice) model, a mechanistic approach to precipitate seizures ‘on demand’ in chronically epileptic mice. We briefly synchronized principal cells in the CA1 region of the diseased hippocampus to reliably induce stereotyped on-demand behavioral seizures. These induced seizures resembled naturally occurring spontaneous seizures in the epileptic animals and could be stopped by commonly prescribed anti-seizure medications such as levetiracetam and diazepam. Furthermore, we showed that seizures induced in chronically epileptic animals differed from those in naive animals, highlighting the importance of evaluating therapeutics in the diseased circuit. Taken together, we envision the Opto-IHK model to accelerate the evaluation of both pharmacological and closed-loop interventions for epilepsy.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 6 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
yuzhangc/Evoked_Seizures
318b9ac6dd65ba908645cecb957872662497131c, 29 April 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers
- 30 September 2026: the link answers
21 files
- R/
animal_by_animal_racine_ , R, 175 linesdrug_plot - Figure A9.R - R/
ep_vs_naive_lmer.R , R, 166 lines - R/
freely_moving_spont_succ , R, 540 linesess_and_drug_plots - Figure A1 4C 5B.R - R/
spont_vs_induc_lmer.R , R, 166 lines - calculate_features.m, MATLAB, 440 lines, 1 match
- cbrewer.m, MATLAB, 128 lines
- extract_data_R.m, MATLAB, 472 lines
- filter_downsample.m, MATLAB, 139 lines, 1 match
- interpolate_cbrewer.m, MATLAB, 36 lines
- main_RUN_THIS_FILE.m, MATLAB, 279 lines, 2 matches
- moving_window_feature_ca
lculation.m , MATLAB, 63 lines - naiv_ep_plot_func_fig4D.
m , MATLAB, 645 lines - plhg.m, MATLAB, 51 lines, 1 match
- plot_select_pairs_fig3A3
B4A4B.m , MATLAB, 81 lines - predict_seizure_duration
.m , MATLAB, 436 lines - spont_evok_plot_func_fig
3C.m , MATLAB, 629 lines - spont_svm_characterizati
on_fig3D.m , MATLAB, 185 lines, 1 match - threshold_and_success_ra
te_plot_func_figA2.m , MATLAB, 303 lines - windowed_coherence.m, MATLAB, 63 lines
- LICENSE, License, 201 lines
- README.md, Text, 8 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
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Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.
Data availability
All data have been deposited at https://
The following dataset was generated:
TakanoH VitaleF 2025On-Demand Seizures Facilitate Rapid Screening of Therapeutics for EpilepsyPennsieve Platform10.26275/
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 4 authors, 4 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 5 funders, 67 references, 3 RRIDs.
Cite
This paper
Chen, Y., Litt, B., Vitale, F., & Takano, H. (2026). On-demand seizures facilitate rapid screening of therapeutics for epilepsy. eLife, 13, RP101859. https://
BibTeX
@article{chen2026demand,
author = {Chen, Yuzhang and Litt, Brian and Vitale, Flavia and Takano, Hajime},
title = {{On-demand seizures facilitate rapid screening of therapeutics for epilepsy}},
journal = {eLife},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {13},
pages = {RP101859},
publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
issn = {2050-084X},
doi = {10.7554/
url = {https://
pmid = {42059433},
pmcid = {PMC13132545}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Chen, Yuzhang
AU - Litt, Brian
AU - Vitale, Flavia
AU - Takano, Hajime
TI - On-demand seizures facilitate rapid screening of therapeutics for epilepsy
T2 - eLife
J2 - Elife
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 13
SP - RP101859
SN - 2050-084X
PB - eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
DO - 10.7554/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.7554/
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "On-demand seizures facilitate rapid screening of therapeutics for epilepsy",
"container-title": "eLife",
"author": [
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"family": "Chen",
"given": "Yuzhang"
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{
"family": "Litt",
"given": "Brian"
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{
"family": "Vitale",
"given": "Flavia"
},
{
"family": "Takano",
"given": "Hajime"
}
],
"container-title-short":
"volume": "13",
"page": "RP101859",
"DOI": "10.7554/
"PMID": "42059433",
"PMCID": "PMC13132545",
"ISSN": "2050-084X",
"publisher": "eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd",
"URL": "https://
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
4,
30
]
]
}
}
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