Chemically Selective Nanoelectrode Arrays for Real-Time, Parallel Neurotransmitter and Electrical Recording.
Overview
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Shu Chien‐Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
Abstract
Electrical activity and neurotransmitter release are tightly coupled in neurons, but co‐registered measurements of both modalities from the same subcellular site in real time have remained difficult. Bridging this gap is essential for linking single‐cell processing to network dynamics and for enabling closed‐loop neural interfaces. Here, we introduce Graph‐nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs), graphite‐modified nano‐electrode arrays that unify intracellular‐like electrophysiology with electrochemical neurotransmitter sensing. Graph‐NEAs record supra‐ and sub‐threshold electrical activity together with dopamine release currents from sub‐neuronal locations in live neuron‐like networks, with high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Using a single multimodal setup, we validate chemical readouts against calcium imaging and electrical signals and show that dopamine dynamics closely track sub‐threshold electrical activity across seconds with electrical stimulation or potassium chloride, and across minutes with vesicular transporter inhibition by reserpine. We further recapitulate Parkinson's‐relevant oxidative stress through chronic glutathione depletion using buthionine sulfoximine or prolonged iron exposure. An optical synaptic vesicle assay confirms that the chemical currents originate from neurotransmitter release at the cell–nanoelectrode interface. By unifying chemical and electrical sensing within the same nanoscale platform, Graph‐NEAs establish a new paradigm for multimodal neural recording with applications in closed‐loop neuromodulation, disease modelling, drug discovery, and neuromorphic engineering.
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Data Availability Statement
All data and code will be made readily available at our lab's Github at https://
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Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 14 authors, 1 funder, 82 references.
Cite
This paper
Shukla, S., Chang, A., Tahir, A., Khan, M. I., Reynoso, M., Pham, A., Dugas, Y., McGregor, I., Dar, N. J., Mallari, N. S. D., Meganathan, D. P., Woolley, A. T., Wang, J., & Jahed, Z. (2026). Chemically Selective Nanoelectrode Arrays for Real-Time, Parallel Neurotransmitter and Electrical Recording. Small science, 6(4), e70249. https://
BibTeX
@article{shukla2026chemi
author = {Shukla, Shivani and Chang, An‐Yi and Tahir, Anum and Khan, Muhammad Inam and Reynoso, Maria and Pham, Ashley and Dugas, Yuma and McGregor, Ian and Dar, Nawab John and Mallari, Noel Sebastien D and Meganathan, Dhivya Pushpa and Woolley, Adam T and Wang, Joseph and Jahed, Zeinab},
title = {{Chemically Selective Nanoelectrode Arrays for Real-Time, Parallel Neurotransmitter and Electrical Recording}},
journal = {Small science},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
volume = {6},
number = {4},
pages = {e70249},
publisher = {Wiley},
issn = {2688-4046},
doi = {10.1002/
url = {https://
pmid = {42112469},
pmcid = {PMC13154913}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Shukla, Shivani
AU - Chang, An‐Yi
AU - Tahir, Anum
AU - Khan, Muhammad Inam
AU - Reynoso, Maria
AU - Pham, Ashley
AU - Dugas, Yuma
AU - McGregor, Ian
AU - Dar, Nawab John
AU - Mallari, Noel Sebastien D
AU - Meganathan, Dhivya Pushpa
AU - Woolley, Adam T
AU - Wang, Joseph
AU - Jahed, Zeinab
TI - Chemically Selective Nanoelectrode Arrays for Real-Time, Parallel Neurotransmitter and Electrical Recording
T2 - Small science
J2 - Small Sci
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 6
IS - 4
SP - e70249
SN - 2688-4046
PB - Wiley
DO - 10.1002/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
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