The role of attention in perceptual biases in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and healthy controls.

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Paper

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 30 lines · 1.2 KB · CC-BY-4.0

addpath('.'); addpath('helperFunctions');
clear all; close all; clc;
globalsMain;
cd('../03_data/01_raw_data/');
for s=1:numel(subjects)
cd(num2str(subjects(s)));
for e=1:2
cd(exp{e});
% control
folder = dir(sprintf('e*v%db*c1',subjects(s)));
for f=1:numel(folder)
numbers = sscanf(folder(f).name,['e%dv' num2str(subjects(s)) 'b%d*']);
time = numbers(1); block = numbers(2);
controlData(e,subjects(s),time) = control_analyze(time,subjects(s),block,exp{e});
end
% experiments
folder = dir(sprintf('e*v%db*c0',subjects(s)));
for f=1:numel(folder)
numbers = sscanf(folder(f).name,['e%dv' num2str(subjects(s)) 'b%d*']);
time = numbers(1); block = numbers(2);
longData(e,subjects(s),time,:) = data_analyze(time,subjects(s),block,exp{e});
[rtData(e,subjects(s),time,:)] = rt_analyze(time,subjects(s),block,exp{e});
end
cd('../');
end
cd('../');
end
cd('../02_processed_data');
save('processedData','subjects','controlData','longData','rtData');
cd('../../04_data_analysis/');

A_process_data.m, under CC-BY-4.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Alexander C Schütz^1,2, Ogün Bolat³, Kin Kori³, Tilo Kircher^2,3, Benjamin Straube^2,3

ORCID iDs: Alexander C Schütz, Benjamin Straube

Institutions: Philipps University of Marburg (Germany); Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (Germany); Technische Universität Darmstadt (Germany)

Journal: European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, volume 276, issue 7, pages 3593-3603

Dates: received 6 October 2025; accepted 24 June 2026; published online 4 July 2026; in print 2026

Type: Research article · Language: English

License: CC BY

Identifiers: DOI 10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8 · PMID 42400656 · PMCID PMC13562217 · OpenAlex W7167373402

Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)

Status: code verified

Categories: human (organism), schizophrenia / psychosis (population), cognitive (subfield)

Methods: Statistics

Keywords: Multistable perception, Schizophrenia, Priors, Individual differences, Motion perception

MeSH: Attention*, Motion Perception*, Perceptual Disorders*, Schizophrenia*, Schizophrenic Psychology*, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult (* major topic)

Topic: Schizophrenia research and treatment (Psychiatry and Mental health, Medicine), according to OpenAlex

Funding: Philipps-Universität Marburg

Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 69 references in the paper

Abstract

Ambiguous or uncertain sensory information is often resolved by incorporating prior assumptions about the most likely interpretation. Similar neural structures and a common visual environment typically lead to homogeneous priors in the population. Ambiguous motion displays are a rare exception as sustained idiosyncratic directional preferences have been observed. Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) have been shown to rely less on perceptual priors in some contexts, yet their idiosyncratic directional preferences in ambiguous motion perception remain unexplored. Directional preferences were measured in two ambiguous displays: apparent motion and transparency-from-motion. To assess the strength and temporal stability of these preferences, we conducted measurements at two time points: first, during the acute phase of SSD in 32 hospitalized patients, and second, after symptom remission. A matched group of 18 healthy controls was also tested at comparable intervals. We found that patients exhibit idiosyncratic directional preferences that are similar in strength and stability as in healthy observers. Across patients and controls, the preference strength was positively correlated with performance in the d2-test, which measures selective and sustained attention. Apart from that, there was no evidence that the severity of positive or negative symptoms across time or the performance in a visuo-spatial working memory task would be related to the directional preferences. These findings suggest that certain perceptual priors can be preserved in SSD, regardless of symptom status, with attentional resources playing a crucial role in determining the strength and stability of directional preferences.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

Zenodo 17276367

License: CC-BY-4.0

State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026

Evidence: files inventoried

Size: 1 file

Software Heritage: not checked

Found in: “Data availability”

Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation

Tools: Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (3 files), CircStat (2 files), export_fig (1 file)

Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)

27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)

19 files

04_data_analysis/A_process_data.m, MATLAB, 30 lines
04_data_analysis/B_generate_figures.m, MATLAB, 446 lines
04_data_analysis/control_analyze.m, MATLAB, 19 lines
04_data_analysis/data_analyze.m, MATLAB, 40 lines
04_data_analysis/dirPrior.m, MATLAB, 6 lines
04_data_analysis/dirPriorDev.m, MATLAB, 6 lines
04_data_analysis/globalsConditions.m, MATLAB, 22 lines
04_data_analysis/globalsMain.m, MATLAB, 43 lines
04_data_analysis/helperFunctions/ci_mean.m, MATLAB, 10 lines
04_data_analysis/helperFunctions/euclidDist.m, MATLAB, 35 lines
04_data_analysis/helperFunctions/mintersect.m, MATLAB, 43 lines
04_data_analysis/helperFunctions/normalizeAngles.m, MATLAB, 12 lines
04_data_analysis/helperFunctions/plot_regression.m, MATLAB, 13 lines
04_data_analysis/helperFunctions/prepareFigure.m, MATLAB, 484 lines
04_data_analysis/helperFunctions/printFigure.m, MATLAB, 50 lines
04_data_analysis/helperFunctions/se_mean.m, MATLAB, 15 lines
04_data_analysis/helperFunctions/subindex_extended.m, MATLAB, 102 lines
04_data_analysis/rt_analyze.m, MATLAB, 21 lines
readme.txt, Text, 87 lines

At the source: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17276367

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
18 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
no match between paragraphs and code yet;
neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

Anonymized data of the perceptual experiments and analysis scripts are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17276367.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 2, 28 September 2026

Publisher: n/a → Springer Science+Business Media

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 5 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 56 references.

Cite

This paper

Schütz, A. C., Bolat, O., Kori, K., Kircher, T., & Straube, B. (2026). The role of attention in perceptual biases in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and healthy controls. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 276(7), 3593-3603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8

BibTeX

@article{schutz2026role, author = {Schütz, Alexander C and Bolat, Ogün and Kori, Kin and Kircher, Tilo and Straube, Benjamin}, title = {{The role of attention in perceptual biases in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and healthy controls}}, journal = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience}, year = {2026}, month = jul, volume = {276}, number = {7}, pages = {3593--3603}, publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media}, issn = {0940-1334}, doi = {10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8}, pmid = {42400656}, pmcid = {PMC13562217} }

RIS

TY - JOUR AU - Schütz, Alexander C AU - Bolat, Ogün AU - Kori, Kin AU - Kircher, Tilo AU - Straube, Benjamin TI - The role of attention in perceptual biases in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and healthy controls T2 - European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience J2 - Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci PY - 2026 DA - 2026/07/04 VL - 276 IS - 7 SP - 3593 EP - 3603 SN - 0940-1334 PB - Springer Science+Business Media DO - 10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8 LA - en ER -

CSL-JSON

{ "id": "10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8", "type": "article-journal", "title": "The role of attention in perceptual biases in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and healthy controls", "container-title": "European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience", "author": [ { "family": "Schütz", "given": "Alexander C" }, { "family": "Bolat", "given": "Ogün" }, { "family": "Kori", "given": "Kin" }, { "family": "Kircher", "given": "Tilo" }, { "family": "Straube", "given": "Benjamin" } ], "container-title-short": "Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci", "volume": "276", "issue": "7", "page": "3593-3603", "DOI": "10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8", "PMID": "42400656", "PMCID": "PMC13562217", "ISSN": "0940-1334", "publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media", "URL": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-026-02317-8", "language": "en", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 7, 4 ] ] } }

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