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Enhancement of Cerebral Oxygenation by Lower-Limb Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Stroke Survivors.

Code ↔ Paper

4 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 4 matches · 2 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: weak matches, whose lines are not tinted
  1. [1] § Results ↔ plot_graphs.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.75 · peripheral resistance, tilt angle, blood pressure, leg volume, Stroke volume, Heart rate
  2. [2] § Materials and Methods › Computational Modelling ↔ calculate_trends.m, lines 1–56 · score 0.71 · transmural right atrial, arterial pressure, ventricular, compartment, leg, volumes
  3. [3] § Materials and Methods › Computational Modelling ↔ process_output.m, lines 92–217 · score 0.69 · cardiopulmonary reflex, arterial baroreflex, zero, ventricular, compartment, resistance
  4. [4] § Results ↔ plot_graphs.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.68 · peripheral resistance, leg volume, stroke volume, heart rate, tilt, venous

Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

The paper is loaded when this pane is shown.

The authors' code

MATLAB · 62 lines · 1.1 KB · no license · 2 matches

  1. %% Graphs
  2. %TPR
  4. Rtot=1./(1./Rubn+1./Rrcn+1./Rscn+1./Rlcn);
  5. figure;plot(tout,Rtot)
  6. title('Total Peripheral Resistance')
  8. %HR
  9. figure;plot(tout,HR)
  10. title('Heart Rate')
  12. % %Venous ZPFV
  13. % %TotVenousZPFV= ZV4+ZV9+ZV11+ZV13;
  14. % figure;plot(tout,TotVenousZPFV)
  15. % title('Total Venous Zero-Pressure Filling Volume')
  16. %
  17. % %Total Leg Volume
  18. % %TotalLegVol=V12+V13;
  19. % figure;plot(tout,TotalLegVol)
  20. % title('Total Volume in Legs')
  21. %
  22. % %Total Abdominal Volume
  23. % %TotalAbVol=V7+V8+V9+V10+V11+V14;
  24. % figure;plot(tout,TotalAbVol)
  25. % title('Total Volume in Abdomen')
  27. %Blood Pressure
  28. figure;
  29. hold on
  30. plot (times, MAP);
  31. plot(times,DBP);
  32. plot(times,SBP);
  33. title ('Blood Pressure')
  35. % Cardiac Output
  36. figure;
  37. plot(times,CO);
  38. title ('Cardiac Output')
  40. % Pulse Pressure
  41. figure;
  42. plot(times,PP);
  43. title ('Pulse Pressure')
  45. % Stroke Volume
  46. plot(times,SV);
  47. title ('Stroke Volume')
  49. % Interstitial Volume
  50. figure;plot(tout,Vint)
  51. title('Interstitial Volume')
  53. % Total Blood Volume
  54. figure;plot(tout,Vtot)
  55. title('Total Blood Volume')
  57. % Tilt Angle
  58. figure;plot(tout,TiltAngle)
  59. title('Tilt Angle')

plot_graphs.m at commit 7d4e646, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Anirban Dutta1, Yashika Arora2, Sandra Leason3, Allam Harfoush3, Kausik Chatterjee3
ORCID iDs: Anirban Dutta, Yashika Arora, Kausik Chatterjee
  1. Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham,Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
  2. All India Institute of Medical Sciences,New Delhi, India
  3. Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,Chester, UK
Institutions: University of Birmingham (United Kingdom); All India Institute of Medical Sciences (India); Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (United Kingdom)
Journal: Annals of biomedical engineering, volume 54, issue 8, pages 2643-2664
Dates: received 28 May 2025; accepted 22 May 2026; published online 25 June 2026; in print 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1007/s10439-026-04209-3 · PMID 42350865 · PMCID PMC13391698 · OpenAlex W7165864479
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: fNIRS (modality), human (organism), stroke (population), clinical / translational (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Preprocessing, Connectivity, Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: Ischaemic stroke, Rehabilitation, Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, Cerebral perfusion, Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, Cardiovascular systems modelling
MeSH: Cerebrovascular Circulation*, Lower Extremity*, Oxygen*, Peroneal Nerve*, Stroke*, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged (* major topic)
Topic: Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery (Rehabilitation, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Innovate UK (Application No: 10038715)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 65 references in the paper

Abstract

Purpose: Stroke remains a leading cause of death and long-term disability with few non-pharmacological interventions available to enhance cerebral perfusion during recovery. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) may augment venous return and cardiac output via activation of the skeletal muscle pump and autonomic reflexes thereby supporting cerebral blood flow. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-frequency (1 Hz) CPN-NMES on cortical oxygenation in ischaemic stroke survivors and to mechanistically interpret these effects using cardiovascular computational modelling.

Methods: In the Phase 1 RETRAIN study (NCT06614400), eighteen individuals with ischaemic stroke underwent transcutaneous CPN-NMES delivered at 1 Hz (1 pulse per second) using a wearable device at graded stimulation intensities across three postures (supine, semi-supine, and sitting). Cortical oxygenation was continuously monitored using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). A lumped-parameter cardiovascular model was used to simulate NMES-induced changes in venous return, cardiac output, and systemic haemodynamics. Linear mixed-effects models analysed experimental data, with transcutaneous carbon dioxide included as a covariate to account for cerebrovascular reactivity.

Results: CPN-NMES elicited significant, dose-dependent increases in cortical oxygenation. Effects were amplified in upright postures and in participants with larger infarct volumes (>5 cm). Computational modelling confirmed that 1 Hz CPN-NMES enhances venous return and cardiac output while maintaining haemodynamic stability. Sex-specific cardiovascular adaptations were observed with females demonstrating greater heart rate-mediated responses.

Conclusion: Low-frequency CPN-NMES enhances cortical oxygenation in stroke survivors through posture-, lesion-, and sex-dependent cardiovascular mechanisms. Wearable CPN-NMES represents a promising, non-invasive adjunct to stroke rehabilitation that warrants further investigation in larger controlled trials.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 4 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

Siagnos/CV-Model-NMES

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 7d4e64638ceff831adfea18cf3bc7cf59bb4a141, 27 May 2025
Languages: MATLAB (5)
Size: 16 files, 5 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data Availability”
Holds: README
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers
6 files
At the source: github.com/Siagnos/CV-Model-NMES

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 5 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 4 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data Availability

The neuroimaging results analyzed in the current study and the MATLAB code can be accessed at https://github.com/Siagnos/CV-Model-NMES.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 2, 28 September 2026

  • Publisher: n/a → Springer Science+Business Media

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 6 keywords, 10 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 64 references.

Cite

This paper

Dutta, A., Arora, Y., Leason, S., Harfoush, A., & Chatterjee, K. (2026). Enhancement of Cerebral Oxygenation by Lower-Limb Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Stroke Survivors. Annals of biomedical engineering, 54(8), 2643-2664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04209-3

BibTeX

@article{dutta2026enhancement,
author = {Dutta, Anirban and Arora, Yashika and Leason, Sandra and Harfoush, Allam and Chatterjee, Kausik},
title = {{Enhancement of Cerebral Oxygenation by Lower-Limb Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Stroke Survivors}},
journal = {Annals of biomedical engineering},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
volume = {54},
number = {8},
pages = {2643--2664},
publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media},
issn = {0090-6964},
doi = {10.1007/s10439-026-04209-3},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04209-3},
pmid = {42350865},
pmcid = {PMC13391698}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Dutta, Anirban
AU - Arora, Yashika
AU - Leason, Sandra
AU - Harfoush, Allam
AU - Chatterjee, Kausik
TI - Enhancement of Cerebral Oxygenation by Lower-Limb Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Stroke Survivors
T2 - Annals of biomedical engineering
J2 - Ann Biomed Eng
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/25
VL - 54
IS - 8
SP - 2643
EP - 2664
SN - 0090-6964
PB - Springer Science+Business Media
DO - 10.1007/s10439-026-04209-3
UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04209-3
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"id": "10.1007/s10439-026-04209-3",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Enhancement of Cerebral Oxygenation by Lower-Limb Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Stroke Survivors",
"container-title": "Annals of biomedical engineering",
"author": [
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"family": "Dutta",
"given": "Anirban"
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{
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{
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"given": "Sandra"
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{
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"given": "Allam"
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{
"family": "Chatterjee",
"given": "Kausik"
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],
"container-title-short": "Ann Biomed Eng",
"volume": "54",
"issue": "8",
"page": "2643-2664",
"DOI": "10.1007/s10439-026-04209-3",
"PMID": "42350865",
"PMCID": "PMC13391698",
"ISSN": "0090-6964",
"publisher": "Springer Science+Business Media",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04209-3",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
6,
25
]
]
}
}

The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.

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