OSCR

Progranulin deficiency in the brain activates an insulin signaling pathway that may promote neurodegeneration.

Overview

Authors: Mini P. Sajan1,2, Geetika Aggarwal3,4,5, Joel Jihwan Hwang3,4,5, Denise M. Smith3,4,5, Denise R. Cooper2, Mildred Acevedo Duncan6, Barbara C. Hansen1, Andrew D. Nguyen3,4,5, Robert V. Farese1,2
  1. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
  2. Tampa Veterans Administration Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
  3. Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
  4. Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
  5. Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
  6. Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida School of Arts and Sciences, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
Institutions: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (United States); University of South Florida (United States); Veterans Health Administration (United States); Saint Louis University (United States)
Journal: iScience, volume 29, issue 5, article 115720
Dates: received 30 May 2025; accepted 9 April 2026; published online 12 April 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115720 · PMID 42095076 · PMCID PMC13141651 · OpenAlex W7153847517
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code on request
Categories: cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Statistics
Keywords: genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience
Topic: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research (Neurology, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: NIH (AG047339); Washington University Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences (UL1TR002345); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; Kaul Foundation; USF Foundation
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 129 references in the paper
Research resources: Rabbit monoclonal anti-NFκB/p65RelA RRID:AB_10859369, Rabbit monoclonal anti-β-Actin RRID:AB_10950489, Mouse monoclonal anti-PKC-λ/ι RRID:AB_10988253, Rabbit monoclonal anti-IKK RRID:AB_11024092, Rabbit polyclonal anti-p-ser-616-IRS-1 RRID:AB_1501245, Rabbit polyclonal anti-p-thr-555-PKC-λ/ι RRID:AB_1501968, RRID:AB_2079382, Sheep polyclonal anti-mouse progranulin RRID:AB_2114504, Rabbit polyclonal anti-IRS-2 RRID:AB_2125774, Rabbit polyclonal anti-JNK RRID:AB_2250373, Rabbit monoclonal anti-IR-β RRID:AB_2280448, Rabbit monoclonal anti-Vinculin RRID:AB_2728768, Rabbit polyclonal anti-BACE1 RRID:AB_325863, Rabbit polyclonal anti-p-ser-473-Akt RRID:AB_329825, Rabbit polyclonal anti-Akt RRID:AB_329827, Rabbit polyclonal anti-p-tyr-612-IRS-1 RRID:AB_330326, Rabbit polyclonal anti-IRS-1 RRID:AB_330333, RRID:AB_330339, Rabbit polyclonal anti-p-ser-307-IRS-1 RRID:AB_330342, Rabbit polyclonal anti-p-ser-302-IRS-1 RRID:AB_330360, Rabbit polyclonal anti-p-ser-2448-mTOR RRID:AB_330970, Rabbit polyclonal anti-mTOR RRID:AB_330978, RRID:AB_331284, RRID:AB_331659, Human: LA1-5s neural cells RRID:CVCL_2549, Human: HMC3 microglial cells RRID:CVCL_II76, Mouse: Grn−/− mice RRID:MMRRC_036771-JAX

Abstract

Molecular mechanisms in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are obscure. FTD can result from loss-of-function progranulin mutations, although pathogenetic consequences are uncertain. Progranulin insufficiency also increases human AD risk, and progranulin treatment improves mouse AD. Furthermore, AD and FTD risks are abetted by obesity/diabetes-induced hyperinsulinemia and hyperactivation of brain insulin signaling, and progranulin deficiency activates insulin signaling in fat and liver. Here, we found progranulin deletion in mouse brain increased activation of IRS-1 and activities of downstream PKC-λ/ι, NF-κB and mTOR, but diminished IRS-2 and Akt. Similarly, in microglial cells, progranulin deletion increased, and progranulin treatment diminished, activation of IRS-1, PKC-λ/ι, NF-κB, and mTOR. These progranulin-related changes in IRS-1 activation were due to JNK-mediated phosphorylation of inhibitory serine-302/307 residues in IRS-1. Progranulin deficiency in brain selectively activates an IRS-1-dependent insulin signaling pathway, and the resultant increases in inflammation and impaired autophagy/lysosomal function may augment progranulin deficiency-related neuropathology.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

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The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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Data

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Data and code availability

• All data generated in this study are included in the article. • This paper does not report original code. • Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the lead contact upon request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 29 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 9 authors, 3 keywords, 5 funders, 129 references, 27 RRIDs.

Cite

This paper

Sajan, M. P., Aggarwal, G., Hwang, J. J., Smith, D. M., Cooper, D. R., Duncan, M. A., Hansen, B. C., Nguyen, A. D., & Farese, R. V. (2026). Progranulin deficiency in the brain activates an insulin signaling pathway that may promote neurodegeneration. iScience, 29(5), 115720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115720

BibTeX

@article{sajan2026progranulin,
author = {Sajan, Mini P. and Aggarwal, Geetika and Hwang, Joel Jihwan and Smith, Denise M. and Cooper, Denise R. and Duncan, Mildred Acevedo and Hansen, Barbara C. and Nguyen, Andrew D. and Farese, Robert V.},
title = {{Progranulin deficiency in the brain activates an insulin signaling pathway that may promote neurodegeneration}},
journal = {iScience},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {29},
number = {5},
pages = {115720},
publisher = {Elsevier},
issn = {2589-0042},
doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2026.115720},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115720},
pmid = {42095076},
pmcid = {PMC13141651}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Sajan, Mini P.
AU - Aggarwal, Geetika
AU - Hwang, Joel Jihwan
AU - Smith, Denise M.
AU - Cooper, Denise R.
AU - Duncan, Mildred Acevedo
AU - Hansen, Barbara C.
AU - Nguyen, Andrew D.
AU - Farese, Robert V.
TI - Progranulin deficiency in the brain activates an insulin signaling pathway that may promote neurodegeneration
T2 - iScience
J2 - iScience
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/12
VL - 29
IS - 5
SP - 115720
SN - 2589-0042
PB - Elsevier
DO - 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115720
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115720
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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