Exposure to non-nestmate odors changes the odorant receptor profile in <i>Acromyrmex echinatior</i> leaf-cutting ants.
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- [1] § STAR★Methods › Quantification and statistical analysis › Transcriptome data ↔ Bey-habituation-transcriptome-analysis.R, lines 122–170 · score 0.60 · plotPCA, rlogTransformation, DEGs, rows, DESeq2, transforms
Paper
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The authors' code
R · 326 lines · 13 KB · no license · 1 match
- ##########Bey et al. 2026 transcriptome analysis
- #############functions to be used later
- filterreadcounts<-function(counts,design,minreads,minsamples){
- row.names(design) <- colnames(counts[0,])
- library(dplyr)
- Design_ant <- design %>% mutate_if(is.character,as.factor)
- all(rownames(design) %in% colnames(counts)) #TRUE
- all(rownames(design) == colnames(counts)) #TRUE
- filtered <- counts
- filtered[filtered < minreads] <- NA #mark gene/sample combination with <minreads counts with NA
- # remove genes that have reads in fewer than $minsamples samples
- filtermist=rowSums(is.na(filtered))
- filtermist[filtermist > minsamples] <- NA#mark genes with fewer than minsamples samples with < minreads reads
- counts_filtered <- counts[!is.na(filtermist),]#remove genes
- rm(filtermist,filtered)
- return(counts_filtered)
- }
- allgenesconsistent<-function(counts,design){
- #plots pca of the expression of all genes; tests for consistent treatment effects
- library(DESeq2)
- library(ggplot2)
- dds <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(countData = counts, colData = design, design = ~ colony+habituation)
- dds <- DESeq(dds)
- rld <- rlogTransformation(dds)
- allpca <- plotPCA(rld, intgroup=c("habituation"), returnData=TRUE)
- plot(allpca[,1:2],col=design$colony,pch=19)
- ana=DESeq(dds,test="LRT",reduced=~colony)
- exposure_additive=na.omit(results(ana))
- return(exposure_additive)
- }
- plotcolonyeffect <- function (pca,COLOR=0){
- #PCA plot
- percentVar <- round(100 * attr(pca, "percentVar"))
- p1<- ggplot(pca, aes(PC1, PC2, shape=colony)) +
- geom_point(size=12) +
- scale_shape_manual(values=c(1, 19))+
- xlab(paste0("PC1: ",percentVar[1],"% variance")) +
- ylab(paste0("PC2: ",percentVar[2],"% variance"))+
- theme(axis.text=element_text(size=20),
- axis.title=element_text(size=20,face="bold"),
- panel.background=element_rect(fill = COLOR, colour = "black"),
- panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
- panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
- legend.position = "none")+
- coord_cartesian(ylim = c(-10, 10))+
- stat_ellipse()
- return(p1)
- }
- library(MASS)
- library(ggplot2)
- library(ggbeeswarm)
- #####correlation of OR and orco reads
- orcof<-function(orcocor){
- orcocor$habituation<-as.character(orcocor$habituation)
- orcocor$habituation[orcocor$habituation=="Pentan"]<-"control"
- orcocor$habituation[orcocor$habituation=="Ae"]<-"conspecific"
- orcocor$habituation[orcocor$habituation=="Ao"]<-"allospecific"
- orcocor$habituation<-as.factor(orcocor$habituation)
- orcocor$habituation<-relevel(orcocor$habituation,ref="conspecific")
- orcocor$habituation<-relevel(orcocor$habituation,ref="control")
- ggplot(orcocor, aes(x=orco, y=ORsum)) +
- geom_point(aes(color=habituation, shape=colony), size=12) +
- geom_smooth(method=lm, se=FALSE, fullrange=TRUE,aes(color=habituation)) +
- scale_shape_manual(values=c(1, 19))+
- scale_color_manual(values = c("yellow2", "blue4","lightgreen")) +
- labs(x = "Orco reads", y = "Sum OR reads")+
- theme(axis.text=element_text(size=54, face="bold"),
- axis.title=element_text(size=54,face="bold"),
- panel.background=element_rect(fill = "white", colour = "black"),
- legend.position = "none",
- legend.text = element_text(size = 40),
- plot.margin = margin(r = 50, t=10,l=10,unit = "pt") # Extend margin
- )+
- labs(colour = "", shape = "")
- ggsave(filename ="FigS3E-orco-correlation.pdf",width = 20, height = 12, dpi = 1200)
- ggplot(orcocor, aes(x = habituation, y = ratio)) +
- geom_beeswarm(aes(color=habituation, shape=colony),size=12)+
- scale_shape_manual(values=c(1, 19))+
- scale_color_manual(values = c("yellow2", "blue4","lightgreen")) +
- labs(x = "", y = "Ratio OR reads / ORco reads") +
- theme(axis.text=element_text(size=54, face="bold"),
- axis.title=element_text(size=54,face="bold"),
- panel.background=element_rect(fill = "white", colour = "black"),
- legend.position = "none",
- legend.text = element_text(size = 40))+
- labs(colour = "", shape = "") +
- ylim(0, 17) +
- geom_segment(aes(x = 1, y = 12, xend = 2, yend = 12), linewidth = 1)+
- geom_text(aes(x = 1.5, y = 12.5, label = "**"), size = 40)+
- geom_segment(aes(x = 1, y = 15, xend = 3, yend = 15), linewidth = 1) +
- geom_text(aes(x = 2, y = 15.5, label = "*"), size = 40)
- ggsave(filename ="Fig2E-orco.pdf",width = 16, height = 12, dpi = 1200)
- }
- #reading read count table and design table
- counts <- read.table("readcounttable_habituation_allsamples.csv",
- header=TRUE,row.names = 1, sep=";", na.strings="NA", dec=".", strip.white=TRUE)
- design <- read.table("design_habituation.csv",
- header=TRUE, sep=";", na.strings="NA", dec=".", strip.white=TRUE,stringsAsFactors = T)
- rownames(design)<-colnames(counts)
- summary(design)
- #filtering read counts:
- frcounts=filterreadcounts(counts=counts,design=design,minreads=10,minsamples=8)#removing all genes that have fewer than 10 reads in more than 8 samples (smallest treatment group size is 9)
- dim(frcounts)
- dim(counts)
- ##############testing for consistent effects of odour exposure
- exposure_additive=allgenesconsistent(counts,design)
- write.csv(exposure_additive,file="SI-table-7-DEGs-allgenes-bothcolonies_exposure_effect.csv")
- exposure_additive[exposure_additive$padj<=0.05,]#list of DEGS
- nrow(exposure_additive[exposure_additive$padj<=0.05,])#number of DEGs for exposure
- gg=rownames(exposure_additive[exposure_additive$padj<=0.05,])#list of DEGS
- for (i in 1:length(gg)){
- boxplot(as.integer(counts[rownames(counts)==gg[i],])~design$habituation
- ,main=gg[i])
- }
- #####creating a read count table for ORs only:
- ORcounts=counts [grepl("AechOR", rownames(counts)),]
- dim(ORcounts)#number of OR genes and samples
- ####Analyse colony differences for each treatment separately
- #Pentane:
- ddsPen <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(
- countData = ORcounts[design$habituation=="Pentan"]
- , colData = design[design$habituation=="Pentan",]
- , design = ~ colony)
- write.csv(results(DESeq(ddsPen), contrast = c("colony", "Ae21","Ae32"))
- ,file="SI-table-5-OR-colony-effect-Pentane.csv")
- pcaPen <- plotPCA(rlogTransformation(ddsPen), intgroup=c("colony"), returnData=TRUE)
- summary(manova(as.matrix(pcaPen[,1:2])~pcaPen$colony),test="Pillai")#testing if colonies differ
- #A. echinatior exposure:
- ddsAe <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(
- countData = ORcounts[design$habituation=="Ae"]
- , colData = design[design$habituation=="Ae",]
- , design = ~ colony)
- write.csv(results(DESeq(ddsAe), contrast = c("colony", "Ae21","Ae32"))
- ,file="SI-table-5-OR-colony-effect-Ae.csv")
- pcaAe <- plotPCA(rlogTransformation(ddsAe), intgroup=c("colony"), returnData=TRUE)
- summary(manova(as.matrix(pcaAe[,1:2])~pcaAe$colony),test="Pillai")#testing if colonies differ
- #A. octospinosus exposure:
- ddsAo <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(
- countData = ORcounts[design$habituation=="Ao"]
- , colData = design[design$habituation=="Ao",]
- , design = ~ colony)
- write.csv(results(DESeq(ddsAo), contrast = c("colony", "Ae21","Ae32"))
- ,file="SI-table-5-OR-colony-effect-Ao.csv")
- pcaAo <- plotPCA(rlogTransformation(ddsAo), intgroup=c("colony"), returnData=TRUE)
- summary(manova(as.matrix(pcaAo[,1:2])~pcaAo$colony),test="Pillai")#testing if colonies differ
- sigPen=nrow(subset(results(DESeq(ddsPen), contrast = c("colony", "Ae21","Ae32")),padj < 0.05))
- sigAe=nrow(subset(results(DESeq(ddsAe), contrast = c("colony", "Ae21","Ae32")),padj < 0.05))
- sigAo=nrow(subset(results(DESeq(ddsAo), contrast = c("colony", "Ae21","Ae32")),padj < 0.05))
- chisq.test(matrix(c(sigPen,sigAe,sigAo,435-sigPen,435-sigAe,435-sigAo),nrow=3))
- #Figure 2A-C:
- library(egg)
- pPen=plotcolonyeffect(pcaPen,COLOR="lightyellow")#PCA plot
- pAe=plotcolonyeffect(pcaAe,COLOR="#BFB8FF")#PCA plot
- pAo=plotcolonyeffect(pcaAo,COLOR="#B8FFC0")#PCA plot
- ggarrange(pPen, pAe,pAo, ncol=3)
- ######Analyse which ORs are affected by treatment, separately for each colony
- dds21 <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(
- countData = ORcounts[design$colony=="Ae21"]
- , colData = design[design$colony=="Ae21",]
- , design = ~ habituation)
- ana21=DESeq(dds21)
- write.csv(results(ana21, contrast = c("habituation", "Ae", "Pentan"))
- ,file="SI-table-6-OR-habituationPenAe-colony21.csv")
- write.csv(results(ana21, contrast = c("habituation", "Ao", "Pentan"))
- ,file="SI-table-6-OR-habituationPenAo-colony21.csv")
- dds32 <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(
- countData = ORcounts[design$colony=="Ae32"]
- , colData = design[design$colony=="Ae32",]
- , design = ~ habituation)
- ana32=DESeq(dds32)
- write.csv(results(ana32, contrast = c("habituation", "Ae", "Pentan"))
- ,file="SI-table-6-OR-habituationPenAe-colony32.csv")
- write.csv(results(ana32, contrast = c("habituation", "Ao", "Pentan"))
- ,file="SI-table-6-OR-habituationPenAo-colony32.csv")
- #####correlation of OR and orco reads
- ORsum=apply(ORcounts,2,sum)#sum of all OR reads per sample
- orco=as.integer(counts[grepl("AechOrco", rownames(counts)),])
- orcocor=data.frame(ORsum, orco,habituation = design$habituation,colony=design$colony,ratio=ORsum/ orco)
- orcof(orcocor)#figures 2E & S3
- #effect of orco on sum of OR reads
- anova(glm.nb(ORsum~colony+habituation*orco,data=orcocor))
- #total OR / orco ratio:
- wilcox.test(ratio~habituation,data=orcocor[orcocor$habituation!="Ae",])#Pentane vs Ao
- wilcox.test(ratio~habituation,data=orcocor[orcocor$habituation!="Ao",])#Pentane vs Ae
- #####distribution of ORs affected by colony or treatment over the OR subfamilies
- annotation<- read.csv("SI-table-8-AechORsubfamilies.csv",stringsAsFactors = T)
- colony <- read.csv("SI-table-5-OR-colony-effect-Pentane.csv")#Deseq on colony difference
- expressed=colony$X#all ORs that are expressed
- #colonydiff=na.omit(colony[colony$padj<0.05,])$X#only DE ORs
- colonydiff=na.omit(colony[colony$pvalue<0.05,])$X#all ORs with unadjusted p < 0.05
- length(expressed)
- length(colonydiff)
- length(annotation$OR)
- unknownfamily=setdiff(expressed,annotation$OR)#OR genes without family annotation
- new=cbind(unknownfamily,"unknown")#annotating unannotated ORs with "unknown"
- colnames(new)<-c("OR","Subfamily")
- allors=rbind(annotation,new)# all ORs with their subfamily (including an "unknown" group)
- colonydifference=as.vector(table(allors[allors$OR %in% colonydiff,]$Subfamily))#count which ORs are in colonydiff list
- ##pulling up ORs with habituation effects
- Ae21 <- read.csv("SI-table-6-OR-habituationPenAe-colony21.csv")
- Ae32 <- read.csv("SI-table-6-OR-habituationPenAe-colony32.csv")
- Ao21 <- read.csv("SI-table-6-OR-habituationPenAo-colony21.csv")
- Ao32 <- read.csv("SI-table-6-OR-habituationPenAo-colony32.csv")
- allhabituation=rbind(Ae21,Ao21,Ae32,Ao32)
- #habituationors=na.omit(allhabituation[allhabituation$padj<0.05,])$X#only DE ORs
- habituationors=na.omit(allhabituation[allhabituation$pvalue<0.05,])$X#pre-correction
- habituationors=unique(habituationors)#all OR genes that were affected by odour exposure in any combination of colony and odour
- habituationdifference=as.vector(table(allors[allors$OR %in% habituationors,]$Subfamily))#count which ORs are in habituation diff list
- ##############combining data and testing
- all=data.frame(table(allors$Subfamily),colonydifference,habituationdifference) #subfamily names and distribution in the genome and DEG lists
- colnames(all)[1:2]<-c("subfamily","genome")
- mat=as.matrix(t(all[,-1]))#transforming subfamily count table into matrix
- colnames(mat)<-all[,1]
- sums=apply(mat,1,sum)#total number of ORs in genome and number od DE ORs for the effects
- fisher.test(mat,simulate.p.value = T)#genome vs. colony difference vs habituation overall
- fisher.test(mat[1:2,],simulate.p.value = T)#genome vs. colony difference overall
- fisher.test(mat[c(1,3),],simulate.p.value = T)#genome vs. colony difference overall
- #significance testing using fisher's exact test
- fishtest=data.frame(family="",overall=0,colony=0,habituation=0)
- for (i in 1:ncol(mat)){
- oc=sum(mat[2:3,i]>0)# with habituation
- fishtest[i,]=c(
- colnames(mat)[i]
- ,fisher.test(matrix(c(sums-mat[,i],mat[,i]),nrow=3))$p#overall
- ,fisher.test(matrix(c(sums[c(1,2)]-mat[c(1,2),i],mat[c(1,2),i]),nrow=2))$p#colony difference
- ,fisher.test(matrix(c(sums[c(1,3)]-mat[c(1,3),i],mat[c(1,3),i]),nrow=2))$p#habituation
- )
- if (mat[1,i]<3){ fishtest[i,2:4]<-NA }
- }
- all=data.frame(all,pcolony=fishtest$colony,phabituation=fishtest$habituation)
- write.csv(all, file="SI-table-8-ORspersubfamily-pre-correction.csv")
- pdf("Fig3B.pdf",width=4,height=3)
- par(mar=c(4.3,4,0.5,0.2))
- used=na.omit(all)
- used=used[used$subfamily!="unknown",]
- mx=data.frame(used$genome/sums[1]*100,used$habituation/sums[3]*100)
- xx=barplot(as.matrix(t(mx)),beside = T,col=c("black","steelblue"),ylab="% of total genes",las=1,ylim=c(0,50))
- xxx=apply(xx,2,mean)
- mtext(side=1, line=1,at=xxx,text = used$subfamily)
- legend(x="topright",col=c("black","steelblue"),pch=15,legend=c("in genome","affected by exposure"))
- text(x=xxx[c(1,7)],y=c(48,20),labels=c("**","*"),cex=3)
- mtext(side=1,line=3,"OR subfamily")
- dev.off()
Bey-habituation-transcriptome-analysis.R, no license · at the source
Overview
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Evolution, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Abstract
Social insects recognize their nestmates by colony-specific olfactory labels stored as neural templates in the memory. The template is often considered a product of learning in higher brain centers. However, some evidence suggests that the template may be stored in the neural periphery, i.e., the antennae or antennal lobes. We investigated a potential mechanism for peripheral nestmate recognition templates: the composition and plasticity of the antennal odorant receptor (OR) profile. We found that OR gene expression in leaf-cutting ants is colony-specific, mirroring the colony-specific recognition labels. After exposure to non-nestmate odors, the ants exhibited reduced aggression toward the non-nestmate label, indicating habituation. When we exposed two different colonies to the same non-nestmate odor, their OR profiles converged. These results suggest that the olfactory system can adapt to the current nest-specific olfactory environment and may explain how habituation plays a role in nestmate recognition.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
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supp:PMC13382326/mmc6.zip
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
- 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
1 file
- Bey-habituation-transcri
ptome-analysis.R , R, 326 lines, 1 match
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
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Data
Datasets cited
- bioproject:PRJNA1147124, at NCBI BioProject; found in “Data and code availability”
Data and code availability
Raw behavioral data are available from Table S9. Raw sequences are available from NCBI under the BioProject: PRJNA1147124 (https://
All original code is available in File S1 of the manuscript.
Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this study is available from the lead contact upon request.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 6 authors, 4 keywords, 2 funders, 57 references.
Cite
This paper
Bey, M., Alex, N. J. L., Maczkowicz, L., Pellen, Y., Vizueta, J., & Nehring, V. (2026). Exposure to non-nestmate odors changes the odorant receptor profile in &
BibTeX
@article{bey2026exposure
author = {Bey, Mélanie and Alex, Naomi Jeanne Luna and Maczkowicz, Lisa and Pellen, Yoann and Vizueta, Joel and Nehring, Volker},
title = {{Exposure to non-nestmate odors changes the odorant receptor profile in \&
journal = {iScience},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {29},
number = {8},
pages = {116665},
publisher = {Elsevier},
issn = {2589-0042},
doi = {10.1016/
url = {https://
pmid = {42519063},
pmcid = {PMC13382326}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Bey, Mélanie
AU - Alex, Naomi Jeanne Luna
AU - Maczkowicz, Lisa
AU - Pellen, Yoann
AU - Vizueta, Joel
AU - Nehring, Volker
TI - Exposure to non-nestmate odors changes the odorant receptor profile in &
T2 - iScience
J2 - iScience
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 29
IS - 8
SP - 116665
SN - 2589-0042
PB - Elsevier
DO - 10.1016/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.1016/
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Exposure to non-nestmate odors changes the odorant receptor profile in &
"container-title": "iScience",
"author": [
{
"family": "Bey",
"given": "Mélanie"
},
{
"family": "Alex",
"given": "Naomi Jeanne Luna"
},
{
"family": "Maczkowicz",
"given": "Lisa"
},
{
"family": "Pellen",
"given": "Yoann"
},
{
"family": "Vizueta",
"given": "Joel"
},
{
"family": "Nehring",
"given": "Volker"
}
],
"container-title-short":
"volume": "29",
"issue": "8",
"page": "116665",
"DOI": "10.1016/
"PMID": "42519063",
"PMCID": "PMC13382326",
"ISSN": "2589-0042",
"publisher": "Elsevier",
"URL": "https://
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
7,
13
]
]
}
}
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You validate the map as this page shows it: 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit and with its license, 1 script, and 1 match between paragraphs and code (see the Code and Map sections). It then receives a DOI on Zenodo, with you (your ORCID iD) and OSCR as its creators; the code itself is not deposited.
The map's fingerprint: sha256:41023deee131c44b…
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The badge links the code to this page. Copy one of these into the README of the paper's code: only you decide where it goes, and nothing is changed for you.
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Discussion, reproductions, activity
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Activity: what happens around this paper: new versions of its record, its map's validation, discussions and reproductions. It opens with sign-in.
