Functional system-specific brain aging across the Alzheimer's disease continuum.
The 10 matches · 1 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: a weak match, whose lines are not tinted
- [1] § Materials and methods › Functional system-specific brain age prediction model ↔ SFCN.py, lines 36–166 · score 0.83 · fully connected layer, Conv3D, batch normalization, ELU, SFCN, Max
- [2] § Results › Functional system PADs mediate the links between AD risk factors and cognition ↔ Mediation_analysis.py, lines 1–39 · score 0.73 · step ordinary, regression models, inferior temporal, cognitive decline, squares, PAD change rates
- [3] § Materials and methods › Machine learning model for predicting the MCI to AD conversion ↔ Predict_MCI2AD.py, lines 1–21 · score 0.70 · plus short term, longitudinal PAD change, Machine, conversion, Model, predicting
- [4] § Materials and methods › Mediation analyses of biomarkers, functional system PADs, and cognition ↔ Mediation_analysis.py, lines 1–39 · score 0.69 · step ordinary, regression models, squares, covariates, sex, education
- [5] § Materials and methods › Statistical analyses of functional system PADs associations ↔ Correlation.py, lines 1–88 · score 0.68 · generalized linear model, baseline PADs, utilized, PAD change rates, FDR, education
- [6] § Results › Associations between functional system PADs and genetic, pathological factors, and cognition ↔ Correlation.py, lines 1–88 · score 0.62 · mental health, inferior temporal, MoCA, BL, entorhinal, PHS
- [7] § Materials and methods › Functional system-specific brain age prediction model ↔ Predict_MCI2AD.py, lines 1–21 · score 0.59 · Machine learning, pathological biomarkers, baseline PAD, PADs change rate, conversion, genetic
- [8] § Materials and methods › Longitudinal analyses of PADs along the AD continuum ↔ NetworkPAD_longitudinal_analyses/emtrend.R, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.57 · Pairwise comparisons, compare models, marginal, ANOVA, MCI, Longitudinal
- [9] § Results › Functional system-specific brain age prediction modelling ↔ training_SFCN.py, lines 16–73 · score 0.56 · absolute errors, brain age prediction, MAEs, validated, models
- [10] § Results › Prediction of clinical progression from MCI to AD ↔ Predict_MCI2AD.py, lines 73–146 · score 0.51 · F1 score, ROC, AUC, accuracy, classification, metrics
Paper
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The authors' code
Python · 179 lines · 7.1 KB · MIT · 3 matches
- '''
- Machine learning model for predicting MCI-to-AD conversion
- • Model 1 (benchmark): genetic and pathological biomarkers only;
- • Model 2: Model 1plus baseline PADs;
- • Model 3: Model 2 plus short-term longitudinal PAD change rates.
- '''
- from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
- from sklearn.metrics import (
- accuracy_score, recall_score, f1_score, confusion_matrix,
- roc_curve, auc
- )
- from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
- from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler, LabelEncoder
- from imblearn.over_sampling import RandomOverSampler
- from scipy.stats import ttest_rel
- import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
- import pandas as pd
- import numpy as np
- import os
- def calculate_annual_change(group, features):
- change_rates = {}
- for feature in features:
- if len(group) > 1:
- start_value = group.iloc[0][feature]
- end_value = group.iloc[-1][feature]
- start_time = group.iloc[0]['Time']
- end_time = group.iloc[-1]['Time']
- annual_change = (end_value - start_value) / (end_time - start_time)
- change_rates[feature] = annual_change
- else:
- change_rates[feature] = np.nan
- return pd.Series(change_rates)
- data = pd.read_csv('adni_BA/lme_data_3group_6yr_not_3sigma.csv')
- data = data[data['Group'].isin(['MCI_to_MCI', 'MCI_to_AD'])]
- stat_data = data[data['Time'] != 0]
- subject_time_counts = stat_data.groupby('Subject ID')['Time'].count()
- subject_ids_to_keep = subject_time_counts[subject_time_counts >= 2].index
- stat_data = stat_data[(stat_data['Subject ID'].isin(subject_ids_to_keep))]
- print(stat_data.groupby('Group')['Subject ID'].nunique())
- columns_to_calculate = ['VIS', 'SM', 'DAN', 'VAN', 'LIM', 'FP', 'DMN']
- # 选取前两次检查的数据
- stat_data = stat_data.sort_values(['Subject ID', 'Time'])
- last_two_checks = stat_data.groupby('Subject ID').head(2)
- print(last_two_checks.groupby('Time')['Subject ID'].nunique())
- last_two_checks_sorted = last_two_checks.sort_values(by=['Subject ID', 'Time'])
- last_two_checks_sorted['is_BL'] = last_two_checks_sorted.groupby('Subject ID')['Time'].transform('min') == last_two_checks_sorted['Time']
- BL_data = last_two_checks_sorted[last_two_checks_sorted['is_BL']]
- print(BL_data)
- change_rates_df = stat_data.groupby('Subject ID').apply(calculate_annual_change, features=columns_to_calculate)
- all_individual_rates = stat_data[['Subject ID', 'Group']].drop_duplicates().merge(change_rates_df, on='Subject ID', how='left')
- all_individual_rates = all_individual_rates.rename(columns={col: col + '_rate' for col in change_rates_df.columns})
- pad_merged = pd.merge(BL_data, all_individual_rates,on=['Subject ID', 'Group'], how='inner')
- biomarker_df = pd.read_csv('corr/bl_rate_corr_data.csv')[['Subject ID','PHS','ABETA42', 'TAU', 'PTAU', 'HCI', 'ENTORHINAL_SUVR', 'INFERIOR_TEMPORAL_SUVR','TAU_METAROI']]
- merged_data = pd.merge(pad_merged,biomarker_df,on=['Subject ID'], how='inner')
- print(merged_data)
- print(merged_data.columns)
- def compute_metrics(X, y, suffix, return_results=True):
- scaler = StandardScaler()
- X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X)
- X = pd.DataFrame(X_scaled, columns=X.columns)
- label_encoder = LabelEncoder()
- y_encoded = label_encoder.fit_transform(y)
- ros = RandomOverSampler(random_state=42)
- X_resampled, y_resampled = ros.fit_resample(X, y_encoded)
- kf = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=10, shuffle=True, random_state=39)
- mean_fpr = np.linspace(0, 1, 100)
- tprs, aucs = [], []
- accuracies, f1_scores = [], []
- fold_sensitivities, fold_specificities = [], []
- plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
- for i, (train_index, test_index) in enumerate(kf.split(X_resampled, y_resampled)):
- X_train, X_test = X_resampled.iloc[train_index], X_resampled.iloc[test_index]
- y_train, y_test = y_resampled[train_index], y_resampled[test_index]
- rf_model = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100, random_state=40, class_weight='balanced')
- rf_model.fit(X_train, y_train)
- y_proba = rf_model.predict_proba(X_test)[:, 1]
- y_pred = rf_model.predict(X_test)
- acc = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
- f1 = f1_score(y_test, y_pred)
- tn, fp, fn, tp = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred).ravel()
- sensitivity = tp / (tp + fn)
- specificity = tn / (tn + fp)
- fpr, tpr, _ = roc_curve(y_test, y_proba)
- roc_auc = auc(fpr, tpr)
- accuracies.append(acc)
- f1_scores.append(f1)
- fold_sensitivities.append(sensitivity)
- fold_specificities.append(specificity)
- aucs.append(roc_auc)
- interp_tpr = np.interp(mean_fpr, fpr, tpr)
- interp_tpr[0] = 0.0
- tprs.append(interp_tpr)
- plt.plot(fpr, tpr, lw=3, alpha=0.6, label=f'Fold {i+1} (AUC = {roc_auc:.2f})')
- mean_tpr = np.mean(tprs, axis=0)
- mean_tpr[-1] = 1.0
- mean_auc = auc(mean_fpr, mean_tpr)
- std_auc = np.std(aucs)
- output_dir = 'figure/predict'
- os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
- plt.plot(mean_fpr, mean_tpr, color='blue', lw=3, linestyle='--',
- label=f'Mean ROC (AUC = {mean_auc:.2f} ± {std_auc:.2f})')
- plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], color='gray', linestyle='--', label='Chance', lw=3)
- plt.xlabel('False Positive Rate')
- plt.ylabel('True Positive Rate')
- plt.title(f'ROC - {suffix}')
- plt.legend(loc='lower right')
- plt.savefig(os.path.join(output_dir, f'roc_curve_{suffix}.pdf'), format='pdf', dpi=600)
- plt.close()
- if return_results:
- return {
- 'suffix': suffix,
- 'accuracy': accuracies,
- 'auc': aucs,
- 'f1': f1_scores,
- 'sensitivity': fold_sensitivities,
- 'specificity': fold_specificities
- }
- from scipy.stats import ttest_rel, wilcoxon
- def compare_models(result_a, result_b, metric='auc', method='ttest'):
- vals_a = result_a[metric]
- vals_b = result_b[metric]
- suffix_a = result_a['suffix']
- suffix_b = result_b['suffix']
- if method == 'ttest':
- stat, p = ttest_rel(vals_a, vals_b)
- elif method == 'wilcoxon':
- stat, p = wilcoxon(vals_a, vals_b)
- else:
- raise ValueError("method must be 'ttest' or 'wilcoxon'")
- print(f"Comparison [{suffix_b} vs {suffix_a}] on {metric.upper()}:")
- print(f"Mean {suffix_a}: {np.mean(vals_a):.3f}, Mean {suffix_b}: {np.mean(vals_b):.3f}")
- print(f"{method} t-value: {stat:.4f}\n p-value: {p:.4f}\n")
- # feature selection
- X1 = merged_data[columns_to_calculate]
- X2 = merged_data[columns_to_calculate + ['VIS_rate', 'SM_rate', 'DAN_rate', 'VAN_rate', 'LIM_rate', 'FP_rate','DMN_rate']]
- biomarker = ['PHS','ABETA42', 'TAU', 'PTAU', 'HCI', 'ENTORHINAL_SUVR', 'INFERIOR_TEMPORAL_SUVR','TAU_METAROI']
- X3 = merged_data[biomarker]
- X4 = merged_data[biomarker + columns_to_calculate + ['VIS_rate', 'SM_rate', 'DAN_rate', 'VAN_rate', 'LIM_rate', 'FP_rate','DMN_rate']]
- res_bio = compute_metrics(X3, merged_data['Group'], 'bio')
- res_pad = compute_metrics(X1, merged_data['Group'], 'pad_bl')
- res_bio_pad = compute_metrics(X4, merged_data['Group'], 'bio_pad_bl_fu')
- compare_models(res_bio, res_pad, metric='auc')
- compare_models(res_pad, res_bio_pad, metric='auc')
Predict_MCI2AD.py at commit b01de5d, under MIT · at the source
Overview
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University,Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence for Elderly Brain Health, Beijing Normal University,Beijing, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University,Beijing, China
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education,Nanjing, China
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University,Beijing, China
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University,Chengde, China
Abstract
The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.
Repositories
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 10 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
xuanmer/NetworkBrainAge
049a0b1d8530df6a1a6226b516297a8b9ea62fe1, 27 May 2025Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
- 28 September 2026: the link answers
10 files
- DataLoader.py — Python, 274 lines
- Network-wiseBrainAgePred
iction.py — Python, 52 lines - Preprocess/
1_mgz2nii.py — Python, 116 lines - Preprocess/
2_resample_brain.py — Python, 79 lines - Preprocess/
3_resample_yeo7.py — Python, 62 lines - Preprocess/
4_mask.py — Python, 98 lines - SFCN.py — Python, 166 lines, 1 match
- training_SFCN.py — Python, 74 lines, 1 match
- LICENSE — License, 21 lines
- README.md — Text, 47 lines
xuanmer/StatisticalAnalysis
b01de5d2ab8e47393a29cf75fac6e83ae2ef308c, 26 May 2025Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
- 28 September 2026: the link answers
8 files
- Correlation.py — Python, 185 lines, 2 matches
- Mediation_analysis.py — Python, 138 lines, 2 matches
- NetworkPAD_longitudinal_
analyses/ — Python, 252 linesLongitudinal_trajectorie s.py - NetworkPAD_longitudinal_
analyses/ — R, 64 linesemmeans.R - NetworkPAD_longitudinal_
analyses/ — R, 76 lines, 1 matchemtrend.R - Predict_MCI2AD.py — Python, 179 lines, 3 matches
- LICENSE — License, 21 lines
- README.md — Text, 23 lines
Code availability statement
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- it points to the authors' code: xuanmer/
NetworkBrainAge , xuanmer/StatisticalAnalysis
Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04081-8.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
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- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
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Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 14 authors, 2 keywords, 15 MeSH terms, 2 funders, 49 references.
Cite
This paper
Huo, Y., Huang, W., Liu, Z., Chen, H., Bai, T., Wang, Y., Wang, K., Zhang, D., Cheng, J., Sun, Y., Ma, G., Zhao, C., Zhang, Z., & Shu, N. (2026). Functional system-specific brain aging across the Alzheimer's disease continuum. Translational psychiatry, 16(1), 336. https://
BibTeX
@article{huo2026function
author = {Huo, Yanxi and Huang, Weijie and Liu, Zhenzhao and Chen, Haojie and Bai, Tianyu and Wang, Yichen and Wang, Kexin and Zhang, Daoqiang and Cheng, Jian and Sun, Yu and Ma, Guolin and Zhao, Cui and Zhang, Zhanjun and Shu, Ni},
title = {{Functional system-specific brain aging across the Alzheimer's disease continuum}},
journal = {Translational psychiatry},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {336},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2158-3188},
doi = {10.1038/
url = {https://
pmid = {42129136},
pmcid = {PMC13338047}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Huo, Yanxi
AU - Huang, Weijie
AU - Liu, Zhenzhao
AU - Chen, Haojie
AU - Bai, Tianyu
AU - Wang, Yichen
AU - Wang, Kexin
AU - Zhang, Daoqiang
AU - Cheng, Jian
AU - Sun, Yu
AU - Ma, Guolin
AU - Zhao, Cui
AU - Zhang, Zhanjun
AU - Shu, Ni
TI - Functional system-specific brain aging across the Alzheimer's disease continuum
T2 - Translational psychiatry
J2 - Transl Psychiatry
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 16
IS - 1
SP - 336
SN - 2158-3188
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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