Gpnmb defines a phagocytic state of microglia linked to cell death in prion disease mouse model.
The 5 matches · 1 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: a weak match, whose lines are not tinted
- [1] § Methods › Immunofluorescence of Brain Slices ↔ Immunofluorescence/Colocalization_pipeline_F6h.R, lines 27–33 · score 0.66 · EBImage, local thresholding, binary, adaptive, Colocalization, immunofluorescence
- [2] § Methods › Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis › Prion-infected mouse dataset ↔ output/03st_deconvolution/ST_deconvolution.Rmd, lines 154–259 · score 0.60 · log2fc, fold change, gene expression, metadata, prion, transcriptomic
- [3] § Methods › Immunofluorescence of Brain Slices ↔ Immunofluorescence/Colocalization_pipeline_SF10a.R, lines 122–134 · score 0.60 · colocalized cells, positive cell, logical, mask, threshold, Immunofluorescence
- [4] § Results › Gpnmb expression is increased in microglia during PrD progression ↔ output/03st_deconvolution/Deconvolved_CellTypes/Cell_Type_Correlation/Cell_Types_Correlation.R, lines 46–116 · score 0.56 · Venn diagram, overlapping genes, ORA, scatter, correlation, deconvoluted
- [5] § Methods › Prion spatial transcriptomic (Visium 10X Genomics) › FASTQ File Handling ↔ code/01st_spaceranger.sh, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.53 · reference genome, FASTQ, SpaceRanger, metadata
Paper
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The authors' code
R · 225 lines · 6.1 KB · no license · 1 match
- library(tidyverse)
- library(EBImage)
- library(ggpubr)
- library(tidyverse)
- library(ggpubr)
- data_dir <- getwd()
- replicates <- 1:6
- conditions <- c("sham", "stroke")
- read_gray <- function(path) {
- img <- readImage(path)
- if (colorMode(img) != 0) img <- channel(img, "gray")
- img
- }
- # Morphological background subtraction:
- # bg is estimated by a large opening (choose size bigger than objects)
- bg_subtract <- function(img, brush_size = 35) {
- bg <- opening(img, makeBrush(brush_size, shape = "disc"))
- out <- img - bg
- out[out < 0] <- 0
- out
- }
- # Adaptive/local threshold -> binary
- # w = window size (odd), offset tunes stringency
- adaptive_bin <- function(img, w = 51, offset = 0.02) {
- # EBImage::thresh returns 0/1 image
- m <- thresh(img, w = w, h = w, offset = offset)
- m > 0
- }
- # Clean small speckles
- clean_mask <- function(mask, min_size = 20) {
- mask <- opening(mask, makeBrush(3, "disc"))
- mask <- closing(mask, makeBrush(3, "disc"))
- # remove tiny components
- lab <- bwlabel(mask)
- tab <- table(lab)
- keep <- as.integer(names(tab)[tab >= min_size])
- mask & (lab %in% keep)
- }
- analyze_one <- function(rep, condition,
- iba1_otsu = TRUE,
- G_brush = 35, G_w = 51, G_offset = 0.02,
- L_brush = 25, L_w = 51, L_offset = 0.02,
- min_size = 20) {
- g_file <- file.path(data_dir, paste0("rep", rep, "_", condition, "_Gpnmb.tif"))
- i_file <- file.path(data_dir, paste0("rep", rep, "_", condition, "_Iba1.tif"))
- l_file <- file.path(data_dir, paste0("rep", rep, "_", condition, "_Lgals3.tif"))
- if (!all(file.exists(c(g_file, i_file, l_file)))) {
- message("Missing files for rep ", rep, " ", condition)
- return(NULL)
- }
- G <- read_gray(g_file)
- I <- read_gray(i_file)
- L <- read_gray(l_file)
- ## 1) Iba1 mask (reference compartment)
- if (iba1_otsu) {
- I_thr <- otsu(I)
- Ibin <- I > I_thr
- } else {
- Ibin <- adaptive_bin(I, w = 51, offset = 0.02)
- I_thr <- NA_real_
- }
- Ibin <- clean_mask(Ibin, min_size = min_size)
- ## 2) Gpnmb: background subtract + adaptive threshold
- Gbs <- bg_subtract(G, brush_size = G_brush)
- Gbin <- adaptive_bin(Gbs, w = G_w, offset = G_offset)
- Gbin <- clean_mask(Gbin, min_size = min_size)
- Gbin <- Gbin & Ibin
- ## 3) Lgals3: background subtract + adaptive threshold (works well for puncta)
- Lbs <- bg_subtract(L, brush_size = L_brush)
- Lbin <- adaptive_bin(Lbs, w = L_w, offset = L_offset)
- Lbin <- clean_mask(Lbin, min_size = min_size)
- Lbin <- Lbin & Ibin
- ## 4) Overlaps (inside Iba1)
- GL <- Gbin & Lbin
- triple <- Gbin & Lbin & Ibin # same as GL since already gated to Ibin
- I_pix <- sum(Ibin)
- G_pix <- sum(Gbin)
- L_pix <- sum(Lbin)
- GL_pix <- sum(GL)
- tibble(
- Replicate = rep,
- Condition = condition,
- # record parameters (so you can report them)
- I_thr = I_thr,
- G_brush = G_brush, G_w = G_w, G_offset = G_offset,
- L_brush = L_brush, L_w = L_w, L_offset = L_offset,
- min_size = min_size,
- # counts within Iba1
- I_pixels = I_pix,
- G_in_I_pixels = G_pix,
- L_in_I_pixels = L_pix,
- GL_in_I_pixels = GL_pix,
- # the % overlaps (pick what you mean by "% overlap")
- pct_I_covered_by_GL = ifelse(I_pix > 0, 100 * GL_pix / I_pix, NA_real_),
- pct_G_covered_by_L = ifelse(G_pix > 0, 100 * GL_pix / G_pix, NA_real_),
- pct_L_covered_by_G = ifelse(L_pix > 0, 100 * GL_pix / L_pix, NA_real_)
- )
- }
- ## Run batch
- results <- expand_grid(Replicate = 1:6, Condition = c("sham","stroke")) %>%
- pmap_dfr(~ analyze_one(..1, ..2))
- write_csv(results, file.path(data_dir, "overlap_Iba1_gated_adaptive.csv"))
- ## Plot (example: % of Iba1 area that is double-positive)
- ggplot(results, aes(x = Condition, y = pct_I_covered_by_GL, fill = Condition)) +
- geom_boxplot(outlier.shape = NA, alpha = 0.7) +
- geom_jitter(width = 0.12, size = 2) +
- stat_compare_means(method = "wilcox.test", label = "p.format") +
- theme_classic() +
- ylab("% Iba1 area that is Gpnmb+ AND Lgals3+")
- # ---- summarize mean ± SD + significance label ----
- data_summary <- results %>%
- group_by(Condition) %>%
- summarise(
- Mean = mean(pct_I_covered_by_GL, na.rm = TRUE),
- StdDev = sd(pct_I_covered_by_GL, na.rm = TRUE),
- .groups = "drop"
- )
- pval <- wilcox.test(pct_I_covered_by_GL ~ Condition, data = results)$p.value
- sig_label <- dplyr::case_when(
- pval < 0.001 ~ "***",
- pval < 0.01 ~ "**",
- pval < 0.05 ~ "*",
- TRUE ~ "ns"
- )
- data_summary <- data_summary %>%
- mutate(
- Significance = paste0("p = ", signif(pval, 2), " (", sig_label, ")"),
- y_text = Mean + StdDev + 0.05 * (max(results$pct_I_covered_by_GL, na.rm=TRUE) -
- min(results$pct_I_covered_by_GL, na.rm=TRUE))
- )
- # ---- plot: grey bars (mean), points, errorbars, p-text ----
- my_plot <- ggplot() +
- geom_bar(
- data = data_summary,
- aes(x = Condition, y = Mean, fill = Condition),
- stat = "identity",
- color = "black",
- width = 0.65
- ) +
- scale_fill_grey(start = 0.8, end = 0.2) +
- geom_errorbar(
- data = data_summary,
- aes(x = Condition, ymin = Mean - StdDev, ymax = Mean + StdDev),
- width = 0.18
- ) +
- geom_point(
- data = results,
- aes(x = Condition, y = pct_I_covered_by_GL, color = Condition),
- position = position_jitter(width = 0.12, height = 0),
- size = 2.2,
- show.legend = FALSE
- ) +
- geom_text(
- data = data_summary,
- aes(x = Condition, y = y_text, label = Significance),
- vjust = 0,
- size = 4
- ) +
- theme_minimal() +
- labs(
- x = "Condition",
- y = "% Iba1 area that is Gpnmb+ AND Lgals3+"
- ) +
- theme(
- legend.position = "none",
- axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1),
- strip.text = element_text(size = 10, face = "bold"),
- panel.spacing = unit(1, "lines")
- )
- my_plot
- my_plot <- my_plot +
- theme(
- axis.title = element_blank(),
- axis.text.x = element_blank(),
- axis.text.y = element_blank(),
- axis.ticks = element_blank()
- )
- write_csv(results, file.path(data_dir, "overlap_Iba1_gated_adaptive.csv"))
- # SVG (exact size: 54.5 x 18 mm)
- ggsave(
- filename = "Gpnmb_Lgals3_overlap_boxplot.svg",
- plot = my_plot,
- width = 18,
- height = 54.5,
- units = "mm"
- )
Colocalization_pipeline_F6h.R at commit 7c7e382, no license · at the source
Overview
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Present Address: Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for TSE, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for the Science of the Aging Brain (ISAB), St. Gallen, Switzerland
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders display brain region tropism accompanied by the emergence of distinct cellular states that contribute to disease pathogenesis, with molecular alterations occurring predominantly in glial cells. Here we show the emergence of a microglial state with distinct spatial distribution in the brains of terminally sick prion-infected mice characterized by high expression of Gpnmb (glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B), transcriptional signatures consistent with phagocytic activity, and increased expression of lysosomal genes in regions undergoing pronounced cell death. We find that this cellular state is not induced by pathological protein aggregates but by soluble factors released by dying cells regardless of the initiating insult. This work defines Gpnmb⁺ microglia as a distinct phagocytic state that links cell death to microglial activation and reveals a generalizable mechanism by which microglia respond to cell loss.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repositories
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 5 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
JEFworks-Lab/STdeconvolve
13b1953263a5ce34e2471c4defebedbda44c7d08, 3 August 2025Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
- 28 September 2026: the link answers
8 files
- R/
data.R , R, 30 lines - R/
functions.R , R, 1,027 lines - R/
import.R , R, 348 lines - R/
plot.R , R, 602 lines - tests/
testthat.R , R, 4 lines - tests/
testthat/ , R, 280 linestest-STdeconvolve.R - vignettes/
vignette.Rmd , R, 484 lines - README.md, Text, 90 lines
dcare91/ST_prions
7c7e38278bcc504a2b62c8d0e00068e25749fd44, 13 February 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
- 28 September 2026: the link answers
15 files
- Immunofluorescence/
Colocalization_pipeline_ , R, 225 lines, 1 matchF6h.R - Immunofluorescence/
Colocalization_pipeline_ , R, 239 lines, 1 matchSF10a.R - analysis/
02st_sampleQC.Rmd , R, 180 lines - analysis/
03st_deconvolution.Rmd , R, 45 lines - analysis/
about.Rmd , R, 10 lines - analysis/
index.Rmd , R, 11 lines - analysis/
license.Rmd , R, 21 lines - code/
00st_make_symlinks.sh , Shell, 42 lines - code/
00st_utils.R , R, 107 lines - code/
01st_spaceranger.sh , Shell, 79 lines, 1 match - code/
02st_sampleQC.R , R, 144 lines - output/
03st_deconvolution/ , R, 281 lines, 1 matchDeconvolved_CellTypes/ Cell_Type_Correlation/ Cell_Types_Correlation.R - output/
03st_deconvolution/ , R, 2,691 linesST_Deconvolution.R - output/
03st_deconvolution/ , R, 512 lines, 1 matchST_deconvolution.Rmd - README.md, Text, 5 lines
Zenodo 18983911
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
- 28 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
Code availability
Code used to reproduce the results reported in this study is available at https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 3 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
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- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
Datasets cited
- geo:GSE277577, at NCBI GEO; found in “Data availability”
- zenodo:18743243, at Zenodo; found in “Data availability”
Data Availability Statement
The spatial transcriptomics data, as well as related processed data generated in this study, have been deposited in the GEO database under accession code GSE277577 (https://
Code used to reproduce the results reported in this study is available at https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 17 authors, 4 keywords, 12 MeSH terms, 6 funders, 99 references.
Cite
This paper
Caredio, D., Mariutti, G., Polzer, L., Gatta, B., Cerisoli, M., Laimeche, Y., Miracca, G., Droux, J., El Amki, M., Emmenegger, M., Hruska-Plochan, M., Wegener, S., Polymenidou, M., Schmitz, M., Zerr, I., De Cecco, E., & Aguzzi, A. (2026). Gpnmb defines a phagocytic state of microglia linked to cell death in prion disease mouse model. Nature communications, 17(1), 6138. https://
BibTeX
@article{caredio2026gpnm
author = {Caredio, Davide and Mariutti, Giovanni and Polzer, Lisa and Gatta, Beatrice and Cerisoli, Martina and Laimeche, Yasmine and Miracca, Giulia and Droux, Jeanne and El Amki, Mohamad and Emmenegger, Marc and Hruska-Plochan, Marian and Wegener, Susanne and Polymenidou, Magdalini and Schmitz, Matthias and Zerr, Inga and De Cecco, Elena and Aguzzi, Adriano},
title = {{Gpnmb defines a phagocytic state of microglia linked to cell death in prion disease mouse model}},
journal = {Nature communications},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {6138},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2041-1723},
doi = {10.1038/
url = {https://
pmid = {42120390},
pmcid = {PMC13365222}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Caredio, Davide
AU - Mariutti, Giovanni
AU - Polzer, Lisa
AU - Gatta, Beatrice
AU - Cerisoli, Martina
AU - Laimeche, Yasmine
AU - Miracca, Giulia
AU - Droux, Jeanne
AU - El Amki, Mohamad
AU - Emmenegger, Marc
AU - Hruska-Plochan, Marian
AU - Wegener, Susanne
AU - Polymenidou, Magdalini
AU - Schmitz, Matthias
AU - Zerr, Inga
AU - De Cecco, Elena
AU - Aguzzi, Adriano
TI - Gpnmb defines a phagocytic state of microglia linked to cell death in prion disease mouse model
T2 - Nature communications
J2 - Nat Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 17
IS - 1
SP - 6138
SN - 2041-1723
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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