OSCR

Behaviourally driven closed-loop beta-tACS enhances beta activity and motor behaviour.

Code ↔ Paper

7 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 7 matches · 2 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: weak matches, whose lines are not tinted
  1. [1] § Results › Behaviourally triggered beta tACS enhances post-movement beta ERS but not ERD ↔ code.zip/analyse_movement_beta_ERD.m, lines 101–126 · score 0.86 · pre movement baseline, 0–1.5 s, beta band, beta ERD, beta power, window
  2. [2] § Methods › Statistical analyses ↔ code.zip/linear_mixed_models.R, lines 19–86 · score 0.75 · linear mixed, lme4, post hoc, pairwise, LMMs, models
  3. [3] § Methods › EEG recording and analysis ↔ code.zip/plot_movement_beta_ERD.m, lines 15–39 · score 0.75 · 0–1.5 s, 15–30 Hz, Beta ERD, 2.5 s, 15 Hz, windows
  4. [4] § Methods › EEG recording and analysis ↔ code.zip/plot_postmovement_beta_ERS.m, lines 16–48 · score 0.67 · 15–30 Hz, early stimulation, late stimulation, Beta ERS, 1.5 s, 15 Hz
  5. [5] § Results › Behaviourally triggered beta tACS enhances post-movement beta ERS but not ERD ↔ code.zip/plot_movement_beta_ERD.m, lines 97–110 · score 0.62 · 0–1.5 s, beta ERD, window, power, movement
  6. [6] § Methods › Two-state model fitting ↔ code.zip/simulate_two_state_model.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.60 · state model, motor adaptation, error, fast
  7. [7] § Results › Beta tACS increases retention of a visuomotor adaptation task ↔ code.zip/simulate_two_state_model.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.57 · state model, motor adaptation, simulated, Af, Bf, fast

Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

The paper is loaded when this pane is shown.

The authors' code

MATLAB · 168 lines · 5.3 KB · no license · 2 matches

  1. %% Plot movement-related beta ERD time-frequency responses
  2. %
  3. % Input:
  4. % group_ERD_ERS_data.mat
  5. %
  6. % Dependency:
  7. % EEGLAB (topoplot)
  8. %
  9. % Outputs:
  10. % FigS1.pdf
  11. % FigS1.png
  13. clc; clear; close all;
  15. %% Load group data
  16. scriptDir = fileparts(mfilename('fullpath'));
  17. repoDir = fileparts(scriptDir);
  18. dataDir = fullfile(repoDir, 'data');
  19. outputDir = fullfile(repoDir, 'outputs');
  20. if ~exist(outputDir, 'dir')
  21. mkdir(outputDir);
  22. end
  23. inputFile = fullfile(dataDir, 'group_ERD_ERS_data.mat');
  25. load(inputFile, 'ERD_data_all', 'all_movTime', 'conditions_new_name');
  27. assert(exist('topoplot', 'file') == 2, ...
  28. 'EEGLAB is required. Add the EEGLAB folder to the MATLAB path.');
  30. roiChannels = {'C1', 'C5', 'CP1', 'CP3', 'CP5', 'P1', 'P3', 'P5'};
  31. channelLabels = {ERD_data_all{1}.chns.labels};
  32. roiIdx = find(ismember(channelLabels, roiChannels));
  34. betaRange = [15, 30];
  35. erdWindowMs = [0, 1500];
  36. timeLimits = [-0.5, 2.5];
  37. colorLimitsTfr = [-2.5, 2.5];
  38. colorLimitsTopo = [-1, 1];
  39. densityTime = linspace(timeLimits(1), timeLimits(2), 200);
  41. %% Create the movement-related beta ERD overview
  42. fig = figure('Color', 'w', 'Units', 'centimeters', ...
  43. 'Position', [1, 1, 18, 12]);
  44. tiledlayout(fig, 3, 3, 'TileSpacing', 'compact', 'Padding', 'compact');
  46. tfrSource = cell(3, 1);
  47. movementSource = cell(3, 1);
  48. topoSource = cell(3, 1);
  50. for condIdx = 1:3
  51. condition = string(conditions_new_name{condIdx});
  52. erd = ERD_data_all{condIdx};
  53. groupTfr = mean(erd.data, 4, 'omitnan');
  54. timeSeconds = erd.time ./ 1000;
  56. %% Row 1: time-frequency response
  57. nexttile(condIdx);
  58. roiTfr = squeeze(mean(groupTfr(roiIdx, :, :), 1, 'omitnan'));
  59. contourf(timeSeconds, erd.freq, roiTfr, 40, 'LineColor', 'none');
  60. colormap(gca, redBlueMap(100));
  61. colorbarWithLabel('Power (dB)');
  62. clim(colorLimitsTfr);
  63. set(gca, 'YDir', 'normal', 'XLim', timeLimits, 'FontSize', 8);
  64. yticks(10:10:40);
  65. xline(0, 'k:', 'LineWidth', 0.5);
  66. rectangle('Position', [erdWindowMs(1) / 1000, betaRange(1), ...
  67. diff(erdWindowMs) / 1000, diff(betaRange)], ...
  68. 'EdgeColor', 'k', 'LineStyle', ':', 'LineWidth', 0.5);
  69. xlabel('Time (s)');
  70. ylabel('Frequency (Hz)');
  71. title(condition);
  73. [timeGrid, freqGrid] = meshgrid(timeSeconds, erd.freq);
  74. nTfr = numel(roiTfr);
  75. tfrSource{condIdx} = table( ...
  76. repmat(condition, nTfr, 1), timeGrid(:), freqGrid(:), roiTfr(:), ...
  77. 'VariableNames', {'Condition', 'Time_s', 'Frequency_Hz', 'Power_dB'});
  79. %% Row 2: movement-time distribution
  80. nexttile(condIdx + 3);
  81. movementTime = all_movTime{condIdx}(:);
  82. density = ksdensity(movementTime, densityTime, 'Bandwidth', 0.1);
  83. density = density ./ trapz(densityTime, density);
  84. plot(densityTime, density, 'Color', [223, 101, 176] ./ 255, ...
  85. 'LineWidth', 1);
  86. xline(0, 'k--', 'LineWidth', 0.5);
  87. xlim(timeLimits);
  88. ylim([0, max(density)]);
  89. xlabel('Time (s)');
  90. ylabel('Distribution');
  91. subtitle('Movement window');
  93. movementSource{condIdx} = table( ...
  94. repmat(condition, numel(movementTime), 1), movementTime, ...
  95. 'VariableNames', {'Condition', 'MovementTime_s'});
  97. %% Row 3: beta ERD scalp topography
  98. nexttile(condIdx + 6);
  99. betaIdx = erd.freq >= betaRange(1) & erd.freq <= betaRange(2);
  100. timeIdx = erd.time >= erdWindowMs(1) & erd.time <= erdWindowMs(2);
  101. topoPower = squeeze(mean(groupTfr(:, betaIdx, timeIdx), [2, 3], ...
  102. 'omitnan'));
  103. plotTopoPanel(topoPower, erd.chns, roiChannels, colorLimitsTopo);
  104. subtitle('0-1.5 s');
  106. topoSource{condIdx} = table( ...
  107. repmat(condition, numel(channelLabels), 1), ...
  108. string(channelLabels(:)), topoPower(:), ...
  109. 'VariableNames', {'Condition', 'Channel', 'Power_dB'});
  110. end
  112. %% Save figure and source data
  113. exportgraphics(fig, fullfile(outputDir, 'FigS1.pdf'), ...
  114. 'ContentType', 'vector', 'BackgroundColor', 'white');
  115. exportgraphics(fig, fullfile(outputDir, 'FigS1.png'), ...
  116. 'Resolution', 300, 'BackgroundColor', 'white');
  119. %% Local plotting functions
  120. function plotTopoPanel(power, chanlocs, roiChannels, mapLimits)
  121. labels = {chanlocs.labels};
  122. roiIdx = find(ismember(labels, roiChannels));
  123. stimIdx = find(ismember(labels, {'C3', 'Pz'}));
  125. topoplot(power, chanlocs, ...
  126. 'electrodes', 'on', ...
  127. 'emarker2', {roiIdx, 'o', 'k', 3, 1}, ...
  128. 'maplimits', mapLimits, ...
  129. 'style', 'map', ...
  130. 'numcontour', 5, ...
  131. 'shrink', 'on', ...
  132. 'colormap', redBlueMap(100));
  133. hold on;
  135. theta = deg2rad([chanlocs(stimIdx).theta]);
  136. radius = [chanlocs(stimIdx).radius];
  137. [x, y] = pol2cart(theta, radius);
  138. plot(x, y, 'wo', 'MarkerFaceColor', 'w', ...
  139. 'MarkerEdgeColor', 'k', 'MarkerSize', 5, 'LineWidth', 0.5);
  141. colorbarWithLabel('Power (dB)');
  142. clim(mapLimits);
  143. end
  145. function colorbarWithLabel(labelText)
  146. cbar = colorbar;
  147. cbar.Label.String = labelText;
  148. cbar.Label.FontSize = 10;
  149. cbar.Label.FontWeight = 'normal';
  150. cbar.TickDirection = 'out';
  151. cbar.FontSize = 8;
  152. end
  154. function cmap = redBlueMap(n)
  155. anchors = [
  156. 0.02, 0.19, 0.38
  157. 0.13, 0.40, 0.67
  158. 0.42, 0.68, 0.84
  159. 0.82, 0.90, 0.94
  160. 1.00, 1.00, 1.00
  161. 0.99, 0.86, 0.78
  162. 0.96, 0.65, 0.51
  163. 0.84, 0.24, 0.22
  164. 0.40, 0.00, 0.12
  165. ];
  166. x = linspace(0, 1, size(anchors, 1));
  167. cmap = interp1(x, anchors, linspace(0, 1, n), 'linear');
  168. end

plot_movement_beta_ERD.m, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Min Wu1,2, Zeyu Xu1,2, Melanie K Fleming1, Nicholas Shackle2, Lara Biller1,2, Faye Tabone1,2, Pei-Ling Wong3, Caroline Nettekoven4, Andrew Sharott2, Catharina Zich1,2, Charlotte J Stagg1,2
ORCID iDs: Min Wu, Melanie K Fleming, Nicholas Shackle, Faye Tabone, Pei-Ling Wong, Caroline Nettekoven, Andrew Sharott, Catharina Zich, Charlotte J Stagg
  1. Oxford Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  2. Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  3. Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
  4. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Institutions: University of Oxford (United Kingdom); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (United Kingdom); MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit (United Kingdom); Medical Research Council (United Kingdom); National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Taiwan)
Journal: Nature communications, volume 17, issue 1, article 8908
Dates: received 27 September 2025; accepted 6 July 2026; published online 21 July 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-75799-8 · PMID 42481501 · PMCID PMC13503910 · OpenAlex W7169842273
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: other (modality), human (organism), systems (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Preprocessing
Keywords: Motor cortex, Neurophysiology
MeSH: Beta Rhythm*, Motor Activity*, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation*, Adaptation, Physiological, Female, Humans, Motor Cortex, Psychomotor Performance (* major topic)
Topic: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies (Neurology, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Wellcome Trust (306553/Z/23/Z, 203139/A/16/Z, 203139/Z/16/Z, 224430/Z/21/Z, 222446/Z/21/Z); NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre; ZonMw (Rubicon-04520232310005, 04520232310005); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (NIHR203316)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 53 references in the paper

Abstract

Movement-related beta event-related synchronization (ERS) has been linked to motor control and learning, showing potential as a therapeutic target for those with movement deficits, such as stroke survivors. However, whether directly modulating beta ERS can causally influence motor performance remains unclear, largely due to the lack of methods designed to specifically target this neural activity. To address this gap, we developed a behaviourally-driven, closed-loop transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) approach to target movement-related beta ERS during a visuomotor adaptation task. We found that the behaviourally-driven, closed-loop beta-tACS specifically enhances beta ERS without affecting beta event-related desynchronization (ERD). Critically, this targeted enhancement significantly improves retention of motor adaptation. These findings support a functional role of beta ERS in motor behaviour and suggest that behaviourally-driven beta-tACS may provide a promising approach to further test the mechanistic links between beta ERS and behavioural outcomes in clinical populations.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 7 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

OSF r6phw

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 2 files
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Code availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: EEGLAB (2 files), FieldTrip (2 files), Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (2 files), afex (1 file), car (1 file), easystats (1 file), emmeans (1 file), ggplot2 (1 file), lme4 (1 file), lmerTest (1 file), tidyverse (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
7 files
At the source:

Code availability

The code used to generate the figures and perform the reported analyses is available on OSF at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/R6PHW.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 7 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 7 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

The EEG data supporting the findings of this study have been deposited on OSF at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/R6PHW. Source data are provided with this paper.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 11 authors, 2 keywords, 8 MeSH terms, 4 funders, 53 references.

Cite

This paper

Wu, M., Xu, Z., Fleming, M. K., Shackle, N., Biller, L., Tabone, F., Wong, P.-L., Nettekoven, C., Sharott, A., Zich, C., & Stagg, C. J. (2026). Behaviourally driven closed-loop beta-tACS enhances beta activity and motor behaviour. Nature communications, 17(1), 8908. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75799-8

BibTeX

@article{wu2026behaviourally,
author = {Wu, Min and Xu, Zeyu and Fleming, Melanie K and Shackle, Nicholas and Biller, Lara and Tabone, Faye and Wong, Pei-Ling and Nettekoven, Caroline and Sharott, Andrew and Zich, Catharina and Stagg, Charlotte J},
title = {{Behaviourally driven closed-loop beta-tACS enhances beta activity and motor behaviour}},
journal = {Nature communications},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {8908},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2041-1723},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-75799-8},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75799-8},
pmid = {42481501},
pmcid = {PMC13503910}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Wu, Min
AU - Xu, Zeyu
AU - Fleming, Melanie K
AU - Shackle, Nicholas
AU - Biller, Lara
AU - Tabone, Faye
AU - Wong, Pei-Ling
AU - Nettekoven, Caroline
AU - Sharott, Andrew
AU - Zich, Catharina
AU - Stagg, Charlotte J
TI - Behaviourally driven closed-loop beta-tACS enhances beta activity and motor behaviour
T2 - Nature communications
J2 - Nat Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/21
VL - 17
IS - 1
SP - 8908
SN - 2041-1723
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41467-026-75799-8
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75799-8
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.1038/s41467-026-75799-8",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Behaviourally driven closed-loop beta-tACS enhances beta activity and motor behaviour",
"container-title": "Nature communications",
"author": [
{
"family": "Wu",
"given": "Min"
},
{
"family": "Xu",
"given": "Zeyu"
},
{
"family": "Fleming",
"given": "Melanie K"
},
{
"family": "Shackle",
"given": "Nicholas"
},
{
"family": "Biller",
"given": "Lara"
},
{
"family": "Tabone",
"given": "Faye"
},
{
"family": "Wong",
"given": "Pei-Ling"
},
{
"family": "Nettekoven",
"given": "Caroline"
},
{
"family": "Sharott",
"given": "Andrew"
},
{
"family": "Zich",
"given": "Catharina"
},
{
"family": "Stagg",
"given": "Charlotte J"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Nat Commun",
"volume": "17",
"issue": "1",
"page": "8908",
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-026-75799-8",
"PMID": "42481501",
"PMCID": "PMC13503910",
"ISSN": "2041-1723",
"publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75799-8",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
7,
21
]
]
}
}

The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.

Similar papers

The papers with a page that share the most with this one: the tools found in their code, their categories, datasets, cited references and authors, the rarest counting most.

[1] doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003979 [code]
Impaired midfrontal‑motor theta phase synchronization characterizes maladaptive motivational behavior in people with obsessive‑compulsive disorder.
Journal: PLoS biology
In common: afex, car, EEGLAB, 7 other tools, systems, 1 reference
[2] doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcag077 [code]
Roles of beta synchronization for motor skill acquisition change after stroke.
Journal: Brain communications
In common: car, FieldTrip, emmeans, 3 other tools, 5 references
[3] doi:10.1111/psyp.70265 [code]
Neurocognitive Dynamics of Translating Information From a Spatial Map Into Action.
Journal: Psychophysiology
In common: easystats, car, EEGLAB, 6 other tools, 3 references
[4] doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353990 [code]
Positive mood enhances accessibility of unrelated concepts in the first language but not in the foreign language.
Journal: PloS one
In common: afex, car, EEGLAB, 5 other tools, 3 references
[5] doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122115 [code]
Midfrontal theta power relates to response speeding following frustrative nonreward.
Journal: NeuroImage
In common: easystats, car, EEGLAB, 6 other tools, 2 references
[6] doi:10.7554/elife.107088 [code]
Development of auditory and spontaneous movement responses to music over the first postnatal year.
Journal: eLife
In common: easystats, car, EEGLAB, 6 other tools, 2 references
[7] doi:10.1523/eneuro.0423-25.2026 [code]
Cortically Mediated Muscle Responses to Balance Perturbations Increase with Perturbation Magnitude in Older Adults with and without Parkinson's Disease.
Journal: eNeuro
In common: afex, car, EEGLAB, 5 other tools, other, systems
[8] doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcag043 [code]
Linking movement-related beta oscillations to cortical excitability, structural damage, and fatigue in multiple sclerosis.
Journal: Brain communications
In common: EEGLAB, FieldTrip, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, 7 references
[9] doi:10.1523/eneuro.0316-25.2026 [code]
Neural Mechanisms of Self-Generated Action Sequences.
Journal: eNeuro
In common: EEGLAB, FieldTrip, emmeans, 5 other tools, 2 references
[10] doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117646 [code]
Medial entorhinal-hippocampal desynchronization parallels the emergence of memory impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease pathology.
Journal: Cell reports
In common: car, EEGLAB, FieldTrip, 5 other tools, systems

Contribute

The authors of this paper can claim it, correct its record and validate its tracing map, and the maintainers of its code (its owner, or a public member of its organization) correct what it says of their repository; anyone signed in can ask for its removal. Every request goes to OSCR's own machine, which answers it; your account page follows them.

Sign in with ORCID to claim this paper as one of its authors, correct its record or validate its tracing map: when the paper's metadata lists your ORCID iD, you are recognized at once. Maintainers of its code: sign in with GitHub, then claim the repository on your account page.

Request its removal

To ask OSCR to remove this record, the copies of its authors' scripts or its tracing map, use the removal request page: signed in, you say who you are, what to remove and why, then review and confirm the request. Published rules decide every request (how).

Discussion, reproductions, activity

Discussion: questions and error reports about this paper and its code, from signed-in readers and its authors. It opens with sign-in.

Reproductions: reports from readers who ran the authors' code: what they reproduced, with which environment, commit and data. It opens with sign-in.

Activity: what happens around this paper: new versions of its record, its map's validation, discussions and reproductions. It opens with sign-in.