Reconstructing the single-cell spatiotemporal dynamics of glioblastoma invasion.
The 17 matches · 4 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file without given lines: weak matches, whose lines are not tinted
- [1] § Methods › Detecting microenvironmental interactions › Blood vessel disorganization ↔ src/gliotrace/build_tracks_and_vascularity/vascular_segmentation/vascular_segmentation.py, lines 38 to 136 · score 0.69 · vasculature length, image stacks, skeletonized, semantic, segmentation, vessel · Report a mismatch
- [2] § Methods › Assessing dose-dependent effects on cell statistics and morphological transition rates › Differential transition matrices ↔ src/gliotrace/feature_and_hmm_pipline/transition_utils.py, lines 148 to 241 · score 0.63 · binary features, transition matrix, transition probabilities, fitted, GLM, treatment · Report a mismatch
- [3] § Methods › Detecting tumor cell morphologies and phenotypic switching › Covariate Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with GLM transitions and CNN-based emissions ↔ src/gliotrace/feature_and_hmm_pipline/hmm_glm.py, lines 107 to 188 · score 0.62 · log likelihoods, log softmax, logits, emission, CNN, Covariate · Report a mismatch
- [4] § Methods › Interpolation of data › Algorithm 1 ↔ src/gliotrace/build_tracks_and_vascularity/classify_and_track/find_cell.py, lines 126 to 167 · score 0.61 · cell body mask, connected components, filter · Report a mismatch
- [5] § Methods › Detecting tumor cell proliferation and movement › Cell tracking ↔ src/gliotrace/build_tracks_and_vascularity/classify_and_track/track_classify.py, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.59 · Kalman filter, image stack, candidate, intensity, detection, channels · Report a mismatch
- [6] § Methods › Detecting tumor cell proliferation and movement › Cell tracking ↔ src/gliotrace/build_tracks_and_vascularity/classify_and_track/find_cell.py, lines 56 to 124 · score 0.58 · cell bodies, image stack, intensity, pixels, detection, channels · Report a mismatch
- [7] § Results › Hidden Markov modeling reveals dynamic transitions between morphological states ↔ src/gliotrace/build_tracks_and_vascularity/classify_and_track/track_classify.py, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.58 · Kalman filtering, morphology classification, tumor cells, interactions, network, tracking · Report a mismatch
- [8] § Methods › Detecting tumor cell proliferation and movement › ROI-level summary measures ↔ src/gliotrace/build_tracks_and_vascularity/classify_and_track/find_cell.py, lines 56 to 124 · score 0.57 · pixel intensity, green channel, empty, slice, stack, frame · Report a mismatch
- [9] § Methods › Detecting tumor cell morphologies and phenotypic switching › Covariate Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with GLM transitions and CNN-based emissions ↔ Example/class_run_example.ipynb, lines 246 to 257 · score 0.57 · logistic regression, scikit-learn, likelihood, posterior, class, probabilities · Report a mismatch
- [10] § Methods › Detecting tumor cell morphologies and phenotypic switching › Covariate Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with GLM transitions and CNN-based emissions ↔ src/gliotrace/feature_and_hmm_pipline/viterbi_paths.py, lines 8 to 52 · score 0.57 · hidden state sequence, Viterbi, emission, algorithm, probability, HMM · Report a mismatch
- [11] § Methods › Detecting tumor cell morphologies and phenotypic switching › Morphological classifier ↔ src/gliotrace/initalize_class/defaults.py, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.56 · diffuse translocation, perivascular translocation, crowded, locomotion, round, branching · Report a mismatch
- [12] § Methods › Assessing dose-dependent effects on cell statistics and morphological transition rates › Differential transition matrices ↔ src/gliotrace/gliotrace_class.py, lines 896 to 1029 · score 0.56 · jackknife variance, transition matrix, fitting, treatment, patient, HMM · Report a mismatch
- [13] § Methods › Assessing dose-dependent effects on cell statistics and morphological transition rates › Differential transition matrices ↔ src/gliotrace/feature_and_hmm_pipline/transition_utils.py, lines 148 to 241 · score 0.55 · transition probability matrix, GLM models, fitting, treatment, HMM · Report a mismatch
- [14] § Methods › Detecting tumor cell morphologies and phenotypic switching › Covariate Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with GLM transitions and CNN-based emissions ↔ src/gliotrace/feature_and_hmm_pipline/hmm_glm.py, lines 107 to 188 · score 0.54 · forward backward, posterior, emission, GLM, Covariate, CNN · Report a mismatch
- [15] § Methods › Interpolation of data › Algorithm 1 ↔ src/gliotrace/build_tracks_and_vascularity/classify_and_track/find_cell.py, lines 126 to 167 · score 0.52 · cell body mask, dilating, disk, threshold, frame · Report a mismatch
- [16] § Results › Automated classification reveals distinct glioblastoma invasion morphologies ↔ src/gliotrace/initalize_class/defaults.py, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.51 · diffuse translocation, perivascular translocation, crowded, locomotion, round, branching · Report a mismatch
- [17] § Methods › Interpolation of data › Algorithm 1 ↔ src/gliotrace/build_tracks_and_vascularity/classify_and_track/find_cell.py, lines 169 to 226 · score 0.51 · Gaussian smoothing, bulk, intensity, Threshold, mask · Report a mismatch
Paper
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The authors' code
Python · 290 lines · 9.6 KB · Apache-2.0 · 5 matches
- from scipy.ndimage import gaussian_laplace
- from skimage.filters import threshold_otsu, gaussian
- from skimage.morphology import disk, dilation, erosion
- from skimage.measure import label, regionprops_table
- from skimage.util import img_as_float
- import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
- import numpy as np
- def extract_block_features_pair(im_a, im_b, coords, blocksize):
- """
- Python replacement of matlab function for extracting snapshots
- @ Author: André Lasses Armatowski
- """
- h, w = im_a.shape
- half = blocksize // 2
- patches_a = []
- patches_b = []
- valid_coords = []
- for x, y in coords:
- x = int(x)
- y = int(y)
- x_min = x - half
- x_max = x + half + 1
- y_min = y - half
- y_max = y + half + 1
- if x_min < 0 or y_min < 0 or x_max > w or y_max > h:
- continue
- patch_a = im_a[y_min:y_max, x_min:x_max]
- patch_b = im_b[y_min:y_max, x_min:x_max]
- patches_a.append(patch_a.ravel())
- patches_b.append(patch_b.ravel())
- valid_coords.append((x, y))
- if len(patches_a) == 0:
- return (
- np.empty((0, blocksize * blocksize)),
- np.empty((0, blocksize * blocksize)),
- np.empty((0, 2)),
- )
- return (
- np.stack(patches_a, axis=0),
- np.stack(patches_b, axis=0),
- np.array(valid_coords),
- )
- def macro_track2(
- mystack,
- vasc,
- sigmah,
- cutoff,
- blocksize,
- mode="normal",
- debug=True,
- ):
- """
- Detect cell bodies in the green channel of a brain-slice image stack and
- extract per-cell coordinates, intensities, and feature snapshots.
- Parameters
- ----------
- mystack : numpy.ndarray
- Green-channel image stack (height × width x frames).
- vasc : numpy.ndarray
- Red-channel image stack corresponding to the same frames.
- sigmah : float
- Standard deviation of the LoG (Laplacian of Gaussian) filter used for
- cell detection.
- cutoff : float
- Intensity threshold above which pixels are considered potential cells.
- blocksize : int
- Size of the square patch extracted around each detected cell for
- classification.
- mode : str
- Either 'normal' or 'sparse'. When set to 'sparse', alternative
- detection parameters are used for very faint or sparse cell populations.
- Returns
- -------
- cellsx : list of array-like
- Frame-wise x-coordinates of detected cells.
- cellsy : list of array-like
- Frame-wise y-coordinates of detected cells.
- intensity : list of array-like
- Pixel intensities at each detected (x, y) coordinate.
- FEAT : list of numpy.ndarray
- List of matrices where each entry corresponds to one frame and each row
- contains the compressed feature snapshot extracted from the green
- channel around a detected cell.
- VASC : list of numpy.ndarray
- Same structure as FEAT, but snapshots are extracted from the red channel.
- Notes
- -----
- In debug mode, each processed frame is visualized both as:
- - green channel alone
- - green + red combined
- Detected cells are annotated with white circles for inspection.
- @ Author: André Lasses Armatowski, Madeleine Skeppås, Sven Nelander
- """
- mystack_float = img_as_float(mystack)
- vasc_float = img_as_float(vasc)
- num_frames = mystack.shape[2]
- cellsx = [np.empty(0, dtype=int) for _ in range(num_frames)]
- cellsy = [np.empty(0, dtype=int) for _ in range(num_frames)]
- intensity = [np.empty(0, dtype=float) for _ in range(num_frames)]
- FEAT = [np.empty((0, blocksize * blocksize), dtype=float)
- for _ in range(num_frames)]
- VASC = [np.empty((0, blocksize * blocksize), dtype=float)
- for _ in range(num_frames)]
- # 3x3 neighborhood footprint without center pixel (for local max test)
- footprint = np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=bool)
- for i in range(num_frames):
- im = mystack[:, :, i]
- im_vasc = vasc[:, :, i]
- im_f = mystack_float[:, :, i]
- im_vasc_f = vasc_float[:, :, i]
- xs = []
- ys = []
- # --- LoG-like filter step --------------------------------------------
- blob_im_1 = -gaussian_laplace(im_f, sigma=sigmah)
- # --- Local maxima for blob detection ---------------------------------
- dilated = dilation(blob_im_1, footprint=footprint)
- bw = blob_im_1 >= dilated
- # --- Cell body masks --------------------------------------------------
- # Note, cutoff needs to be retuned
- cellbodypixels_1 = dilation(
- erosion(blob_im_1 > cutoff, disk(3)), disk(3))
- thr_im = threshold_otsu(im_f)
- cellbodypixels_2 = im_f > thr_im
- cellbodypixels_3 = dilation(cellbodypixels_2, disk(3))
- # If cells are sparse: use cellbodypixels_1. Else: cellbodypixels_3
- if mode == "sparse":
- cellbodypixels = cellbodypixels_1
- else:
- cellbodypixels = cellbodypixels_3
- # --- Label connected components as cell bodies -----------------------
- L = label(cellbodypixels, connectivity=2)
- if L.max() > 0:
- regs = regionprops_table(L, properties=("label", "area"))
- areas = np.array(regs["area"])
- labels = np.array(regs["label"])
- # Ignore regions with area > 3000
- bad_labels = labels[areas > 3000]
- if bad_labels.size > 0:
- mask_bad = np.isin(L, bad_labels)
- L[mask_bad] = 0
- cellbodypixels = L
- # --- Bulk region mask via Gaussian smoothing -------------------------
- imsmooth = gaussian(im_f, sigma=30, preserve_range=True)
- thr_bulk = threshold_otsu(imsmooth)
- mask = imsmooth > thr_bulk
- # bulk present if max intensity > 200 in MATLAB (Here range is [0,1])
- bulk_present = imsmooth.max() > (200 / 255)
- # --- Iterate over each cell body object ------------------------------
- xs_list = []
- ys_list = []
- for k in range(1, cellbodypixels.max() + 1):
- px = cellbodypixels == k
- if not px.any():
- continue
- if bulk_present:
- coords_y, coords_x = np.where(
- bw & (blob_im_1 > cutoff) & px & cellbodypixels_2 & (~mask)
- )
- else:
- coords_y, coords_x = np.where(
- bw & (blob_im_1 > cutoff) & px & cellbodypixels_2
- )
- if coords_x.size > 1:
- xmean = int(np.round(coords_x.mean()))
- ymean = int(np.round(coords_y.mean()))
- area2 = px.sum()
- if cellbodypixels_3[ymean, xmean] and area2 > 200 and area2 < 1000:
- xs_list.append(xmean)
- ys_list.append(ymean)
- else:
- xs_list.extend(coords_x.tolist())
- ys_list.extend(coords_y.tolist())
- elif coords_x.size == 1:
- xs_list.append(int(coords_x[0]))
- ys_list.append(int(coords_y[0]))
- # else: no coordinates for this cell body
- xs = np.array(xs_list, dtype=int)
- ys = np.array(ys_list, dtype=int)
- cellsy[i] = ys
- cellsx[i] = xs
- # --- Extract features if any cells present ---------------------------
- if xs.size > 0:
- coords = np.stack([xs, ys], axis=1) # (x, y)
- featA, featB, valid_coords = extract_block_features_pair(
- im, im_vasc, coords, blocksize # gbm channel # vascular channel
- )
- # If all points were too close to edges, valid_coords can be empty
- if valid_coords.shape[0] > 0:
- # Update coordinates to those actually used in feature extraction
- cellsx[i] = valid_coords[:, 0]
- cellsy[i] = valid_coords[:, 1]
- FEAT[i] = featA
- VASC[i] = featB
- iy = valid_coords[:, 1]
- ix = valid_coords[:, 0]
- intensity[i] = im[iy, ix]
- else:
- cellsx[i] = np.zeros(0, dtype=int)
- cellsy[i] = np.zeros(0, dtype=int)
- intensity[i] = np.zeros(0)
- FEAT[i] = np.zeros((0, blocksize * blocksize))
- VASC[i] = np.zeros((0, blocksize * blocksize))
- # --- Debug visualization ---------------------------------------------
- if debug and cellsx[i].size > 0:
- fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(8, 4))
- # Left: composite of vasc (R) and green (G)
- rgb = np.zeros((im.shape[0], im.shape[1], 3), dtype=float)
- rgb[..., 0] = img_as_float(im_vasc)
- rgb[..., 1] = img_as_float(im)
- axes[0].imshow(rgb)
- axes[0].scatter(
- cellsx[i], cellsy[i], marker="o", facecolors="none", edgecolors="w"
- )
- axes[0].set_title(f"Frame {i} - Composite")
- axes[0].axis("off")
- # Right: green channel only
- green_rgb = np.zeros_like(rgb)
- green_rgb[..., 1] = img_as_float(im)
- axes[1].imshow(green_rgb)
- axes[1].scatter(
- cellsx[i], cellsy[i], marker="o", facecolors="none", edgecolors="w"
- )
- axes[1].set_title(f"Frame {i} - Green only")
- axes[1].axis("off")
- plt.tight_layout()
- plt.show()
- # --- Check if all frames are empty --------------------------------------
- all_empty = True
- for x in cellsx:
- if x.size != 0:
- all_empty = False
- break
- return cellsx, cellsy, intensity, FEAT, VASC, all_empty
find_cell.py at commit b8a18c3, under Apache-2.0 · at the source
Overview
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University,Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg,Gothenburg, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University,Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala University Future Institutes (UUniFI), Uppsala University,Uppsala, Sweden
Abstract
Glioblastoma invasion into healthy brain tissue remains a major barrier to effective treatment, but the dynamic single-cell behaviors underlying this process remain difficult to measure across patient models. Here, we introduce GlioTrace, an ex vivo imaging and computational framework for real-time tracking of glioblastoma invasion in patient-derived xenograft brain slices. Combining whole-specimen confocal microscopy with machine learning-based morphology classification and probabilistic modeling of state transitions, GlioTrace reconstructs how tumor cells switch between invasion phenotypes and how these dynamics are shaped by local tissue context and therapy. Across six patient-derived models, GlioTrace reveals that invasion plasticity is patient-specific, spatially organized, and modulated by vascular proximity and microglial interaction. Targeted therapies selectively alter phenotype composition and transition probabilities, whereas standard-of-care treatment enriches a highly motile, transition-connected branching state consistent with a treatment-tolerant invasive phenotype. Thus, GlioTrace makes glioblastoma invasion a measurable dynamic process for comparing patient-specific treatment responses in living brain tissue.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repositories
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 17 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
Gliomethods/GlioTrace
b8a18c3393c141461538b20ea67d231ddc94461f, 5 October 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 4 November 2026: the link answers
- 4 November 2026: the link answers
45 files
- Example/
class_run_example.ipynb , Jupyter, 302 lines, 1 match - Example/
demo_with_example_data.i , Jupyter, 69 linespynb - Example/
process_image_example.py , Python, 46 lines - Source code for figures/
supp_fig_8.ipynb , Jupyter, 110 lines - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 1 line__init__.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 1 linebuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ __init__.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 99 linesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ build_tracks_and_vascula rity.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 1 linebuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ classify_and_track/ __init__.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 116 linesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ classify_and_track/ build_data.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 196 linesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ classify_and_track/ classify.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 120 linesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ classify_and_track/ connect_tracks.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 290 lines, 5 matchesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ classify_and_track/ find_cell.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 422 linesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ classify_and_track/ track_cell.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 105 lines, 2 matchesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ classify_and_track/ track_classify.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 1 linebuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ general_statistics/ __init__.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 98 linesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ general_statistics/ gbm_stats.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 1 linebuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ vascular_segmentation/ __init__.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 66 linesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ vascular_segmentation/ compute_vasc_dist.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 144 lines, 1 matchbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ vascular_segmentation/ vascular_segmentation.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 1 linebuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ weights_and_models/ __init__.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 47 linesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ weights_and_models/ load_networks.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 300 linesbuild_tracks_and_vascula rity/ weights_and_models/ models.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 63 linesfeature_and_hmm_pipline/ clean_tracks.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 70 linesfeature_and_hmm_pipline/ feature_construction.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 78 linesfeature_and_hmm_pipline/ format_data.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 393 lines, 2 matchesfeature_and_hmm_pipline/ hmm_glm.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 167 linesfeature_and_hmm_pipline/ hmm_pipeline.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 327 lines, 2 matchesfeature_and_hmm_pipline/ transition_utils.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 127 lines, 1 matchfeature_and_hmm_pipline/ viterbi_paths.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 1,619 lines, 1 matchgliotrace_class.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 49 lines, 2 matchesinitalize_class/ defaults.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 267 linesinitalize_class/ load_data.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 16 linesinitalize_class/ types.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 481 linesinitalize_class/ validation.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 1 linestabilize/ __init__.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 142 linesstabilize/ convert.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 710 linesstabilize/ process_image.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 1 linevisualize/ __init__.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 62 linesvisualize/ generate_video.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 96 linesvisualize/ generate_video_compare.p y - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 40 linesvisualize/ preprocess_stack.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 301 linesvisualize/ vis_tracking.py - src/
gliotrace/ , Python, 290 linesvisualize/ vis_tracking_compare.py - LICENSE, License, 201 lines
- README.md, Text, 98 lines
doi:10.5281/zenodo-21996609
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 4 November 2026: the link is dead (HTTP 404)
- 4 November 2026: the link is dead (HTTP 404)
Code availability
The full code base for the GlioTrace framework and additional image processing scripts are available as a GitHub repository under an Apache-2.0 licence (https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 43 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 17 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
Datasets cited
- geo:GSE344470, at NCBI GEO; found in “Data availability”
- zenodo:21981544, at Zenodo; found in “Data availability”
Data availability
The single-cell RNA sequencing data generated in this study have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under accession code GSE344470. (https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 1, 4 November 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 13 authors, 5 keywords, 12 MeSH terms, 3 funders, 53 references.
Cite
This paper
Mangukiya, H. B., Skeppås, M., Lasses Armatowski, A., Uppman, I., Hallin, L., Kruse, F., Nordquist, C., Kundu, S., Berglund, M., Malik, A. A., Krona, C., Jörnsten, R., & Nelander, S. (2026). Reconstructing the single-cell spatiotemporal dynamics of glioblastoma invasion. Nature communications, 17(1), 11245. https://
BibTeX
@article{mangukiya2026re
author = {Mangukiya, Hitesh Bhagavanbhai and Skeppås, Madeleine and Lasses Armatowski, André and Uppman, Irem and Hallin, Linnea and Kruse, Filippa and Nordquist, Clara and Kundu, Soumi and Berglund, Maria and Malik, Adam A. and Krona, Cecilia and Jörnsten, Rebecka and Nelander, Sven},
title = {{Reconstructing the single-cell spatiotemporal dynamics of glioblastoma invasion}},
journal = {Nature communications},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {11245},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2041-1723},
doi = {10.1038/
url = {https://
pmid = {42971997},
pmcid = {PMC13728213}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Mangukiya, Hitesh Bhagavanbhai
AU - Skeppås, Madeleine
AU - Lasses Armatowski, André
AU - Uppman, Irem
AU - Hallin, Linnea
AU - Kruse, Filippa
AU - Nordquist, Clara
AU - Kundu, Soumi
AU - Berglund, Maria
AU - Malik, Adam A.
AU - Krona, Cecilia
AU - Jörnsten, Rebecka
AU - Nelander, Sven
TI - Reconstructing the single-cell spatiotemporal dynamics of glioblastoma invasion
T2 - Nature communications
J2 - Nat Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 17
IS - 1
SP - 11245
SN - 2041-1723
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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